91香蕉黄色视频

Export packaging enables your goods arrive intact and undamaged with your overseas buyer. Export packaging is also often referred to as transport packaging.

The three layers of export packaging

Export packaging is actually one of three different layers of packaging that are likely to be needed when exporting your goods.

1. Sales packaging is the immediate layer of packaging around your goods. This is the packaging that remains when the goods reach their end-user, eg the bottles in which beverages are contained, or the boxes many electronics items are sold in. Sales packaging often also serves a marketing purpose by containing prominent branding images and information.
2. Outer packaging is a middle layer of packaging, usually containing multiple sales packages. It often also serves a retail or promotion purpose, eg a box containing sales units that doubles as a retail display fixture and can be placed directly on a shop shelf.
3. 91香蕉黄色视频 or export packaging is the outermost layer of packaging and is designed to protect your goods during transit. Examples of export packaging include wooden crates or boxes, metal drums and plastic shrink-wrapping.

These three layers of packaging work like a Russian doll - each type of packaging is complete on its own terms, but is contained within a further layer of packaging.

This guide is concerned primarily with export or transport packaging, but it makes sense to consider all your packaging choices together at the outset. This includes considering how to save packaging waste from the outer packaging and exporting packaging layers.

You have a wide variety of options when choosing how to package goods for export, with materials such as wood, paper, metal, plastic, glass and textiles commonly used.

Types of export packaging

The main types of export packaging include:

• Loose or unpacked - a common option for large items such as heavy vehicles. Making sure they're stowed securely is more important than adding a layer of protective packaging.
• Boxes or crates - one of the most prevalent options. They are often stacked on pallets and shrink-wrapped for stability. Less durability is required if goods are also containerised.
• Drums, usually made of metal or plastic - commonly used for transporting liquids and powders or goods that need to be kept dry.
• Wrapping - often used with goods stacked on pallets, wrapping - such as shrink-wrap or foil - both adds to stability and protects goods.
• Pallets - allow smaller packing units such as boxes and cartons to be grouped together. They allow easy mechanical transporting (eg forklift trucks), which eases the process of loading, unloading and warehousing.

These options are not mutually exclusive, so you may want or need to use more than one.

Containers and break-bulk

For logistical efficiency, containers are used to transport most export consignments. Containers are standardised metal boxes, often measuring 6 metres long and 2.4 metres deep/wide. The goods inside might still need packaging, but the container offers added protection, and increased security from theft.

The term 'break-bulk' refers to goods carried as general cargo, rather than in containers. This increases the risk of damage during transit, so make sure adequate dunnage is used. Dunnage is protective material placed around the goods to prevent damage from movement, moisture or other causes.

You must also comply with general export procedures.

A good place to start is by asking people with experience in packaging, such as business contacts, your packaging supplier or trade association, or a freight forwarder if you're using one.

Factors that will influence packaging decisions are explained in this checklist:

• Protection - Avoiding damage to your goods is the main purpose of export packaging. One of the reasons that containers and pallets have become so standard is that they combine efficiency with excellent cargo protection.
• Security - You need to take steps to prevent goods being stolen or tampered with. 'Containerisation' helps with this, and using container seals makes tampering even less likely. Shrink-wrapping and secure straps also act as deterrents. Export packaging should be kept as plain as possible - providing details of the contents, eg brand names, encourages theft.
• Mode of transport - This may influence your packaging. For example, bulk ocean shipments of liquids, grain and ores don't need any packaging. And goods transported by air generally need less protective packaging than those sent by ship.
• Cost - It's a false economy to try to cut costs by using sub-standard packaging. The standard options (eg cartons grouped on pallets and then loaded into containers) have become the standard because they're reliable. Unless your goods require special care, you're unlikely to gain much by opting for above-standard packaging. You can buy, lease, or hire most types of packaging (eg shrink-wrap, pallets or containers), so it makes sense to shop around. You can also commission custom-made packaging, and hire a packing firm per consignment to make sure your goods are packaged correctly, which may work out less expensive.
• Waste legislation - Many markets abroad have waste regulations that favour packaging which can be easily recycled or has a minimal impact on the environment when disposed of. In many export markets, there are stricter rules on packaging waste and collection, eg the 'green dot system' in Germany.
• Wood packaging requirements - International regulations and wood packaging standards exist to control the spread of forest pests and timber diseases. You may also need an import licence from your destination country to import packaging that is made of, or contains wood. You may find it cost-effective to consider alternative packaging.
• Dangerous goods - Regulations for moving dangerous goods are very specific on acceptable inner and outer packaging.
• Food and perishable goods - Read about trading and labelling organic food and food labelling: country of origin.

Once you have decided what kind of packaging you need, use this page to check if there are any further issues you should consider including:

• Information and labelling - certain information has to be clearly marked on your export packages.
• Rules in your export markets - check that your consignments comply with local regulations. Certain markings may be required and in some countries certain packaging materials, eg straw filling, are prohibited.
• Load securing - even adapted packaging has a limit to the vibrations it can withstand before it collapses. Make sure your packaging can be secured in its container and/or vehicle.
• Restrictions on wood packaging - certain countries require wood packaging to be marked and accompanied by a wood packaging certificate. In many cases it will be sufficient to check that your wood packaging is ISPM 15 compliant.
• Packaging waste - you have a legal duty to minimise the weight and volume of the packaging you use. Heavy users of packaging also have to register with the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) and become accredited as exporters. In many export markets, there are stricter rules on packaging waste and collection, such as the 'green dot system' in Germany.
• Hazardous goods - any exports of dangerous goods will have to be safely packaged and clearly marked and labelled. The rules vary slightly depending on which mode of transport you're using.
• Insurance - your transport insurance cover may be adversely affected if it can be shown that your goods were damaged due to poor packaging.
• Contracts - to avoid disputes in case goods are damaged in transit, consider including packaging specifications in your contracts with buyers.

Required information can be marked directly on packages or you can use adhesive labels, which are often more legible. Ensure markings or labels are durable and water-resistant.

Identification marks

Every package in your consignment should be clearly identifiable. Ensure the following details are provided:

• the country of origin - if necessary, also on the goods themselves
• destination - the port or other place of destination is sufficient, rather than a full address - check for places with the same name elsewhere in the world and make it clear where goods are destined for
• seller's name and order number
• sequential number of each package and the total packages in the consignment, eg 'Package 7 of 20'
• the size of the case if there are multiple boxes or containers
• weight and volume
• special handling instructions
• hazardous goods

Make sure your markings are clearly visible. Packages may have goods stacked around them so include handling instructions or labels on multiple faces. Packages containing hazardous goods must be clearly marked.

Handling instructions

A set of internationally recognised symbols is used to indicate how cargo handlers should handle packages, for example:

• a picture of a wine glass indicates fragile goods
• sets of cross-hairs on two sides indicate centre of gravity

These symbols are contained in the standard ISO 780. . Note that certain markings have to be correctly positioned to be of use, for example the crosshairs used to indicate centre of gravity must be placed on sides at a right angle to each other.

Other packaging information

Labels should provide details of package weight and dimensions. It's usually necessary to mark your packages' country of origin. Check regulations in the destination country. Different export markets can require the country of origin to be marked in different ways.

Packages should appear as anonymous as possible - don't mark them with brand names or any indication that there might be valuable goods inside. This will only increase the likelihood of tampering or theft during transportation.

There are many suppliers you can use to purchase your export packaging and labels from. As with all supplier-selection processes, the best guarantee of quality is a recommendation from a trusted source.

The best source of help will be from people with experience of the area. These include:

• Your trade association, which is likely to deal with many exporting businesses in your sector and have a good knowledge of the kinds of trade-related service providers your business will need
• Other exporters - talk to any of your contacts in your sector with experience of exporting, as they will have knowledge about how to find packaging suppliers.
• Freight forwarders, shipping agents and transport operators.
• Packaging industry trade associations, such as the Packaging Federation and IoP: The Packaging Society.

If you're using a freight forwarder to manage the shipping process, they often offer packaging services.

The cost of your packaging will depend on a range of factors, including size and durability - every exporter's requirements will differ. Prices will increase if you need more sophisticated packaging for your goods, such as temperature-controlled containers.