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For international shipments, rail is often used as part of an intermodal movement where cargo is transferred between trains and other types of transport.

Consignments shipped from Europe via the east coast of the USA often cross the American continent by rail rather than travel through the Panama Canal. Through-rail services operate via the Channel Tunnel to mainland Europe, and the railway community is developing onward services to Russia and Central Asia. To run a full train you will need a significant amount of traffic (several full wagons for each shipment), although a single container for multimodal movements can be booked on an existing service.

Rail can be a complex transport solution, but used effectively it can give you a viable option for moving your goods. The advantages of rail transport include benefits to the environment and less expensive, quicker and more practical journeys when compared with road transport. Equally, limited and inflexible routes and timetables can increase costs and slow down the movement of goods. While loading and marshalling are expensive, you can make economies by moving many consignments at once. Rail is generally more cost-efficient than road transport if the journey exceeds 400 kilometres.

Deciding how best to route your goods around the world and which modes of transport to use at each stage of the journey can be a daunting task. Freight forwarders and transport operators are experts in finding the route and modes that meet your specific criteria, eg cost or duration - see using brokers and forwarders.

Some traders choose to deal direct with rail companies for procedures such as booking freight, arranging rolling stock and organising railyard operations. 

Rail freight on the island of Ireland

There are currently no freight train operations or freight terminals on the Northern Ireland Railways network. If you require such facilities you can contact Translink's NIR Access Enquiries on Tel. 028 9035 1201.

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Rail freight in Great Britain

Network Rail offers advice on all aspects of moving freight by rail in Great Britain - find out more about .

Europe-wide rules govern the transportation of dangerous goods by rail. These are known by the letters 'RID'. You'll also see references to the Carriage Regulations - these translate the RID rules into UK legislation.

Note that the Carriage Regulations also cover the transport of goods by road - see moving goods by road. You must comply with three sets of duties:

Rail freight classification

Any dangerous goods you transport must be marked with their name, description and UN number (the UN number states which of the following nine categories your dangerous goods come under).

Rail freight packaging

All those involved in the handling and the filling of packages of dangerous goods should ensure that the correct procedures are followed. You should also make sure that security requirements have been met.

Make sure dangerous goods are packaged in accordance with the regulations. Also ensure that goods are clearly marked with their UN number and hazard diamond labels appropriate to that class of goods have been attached. Note that classes 1 and 2 also require the proper shipping name. You should also check that rail wagons are clearly marked (placarded) to indicate which dangerous goods are being carried.

If you transport dangerous goods through the Channel Tunnel, these will have to comply with the stricter rules enforced by the tunnel operator.

Rail freight security

Freight safety regulations require any business involved in the transport of dangerous goods to:

• only offer the goods to appropriate carriers
• make sites that temporarily store dangerous goods secure
• have a security awareness training programme in place
• have a security plan in place, if involved with high consequence dangerous goods

The Channel Tunnel is the only link for moving goods by rail between the UK and continental Europe. Shippers transport goods through the tunnel on through-freight trains. These travel from UK terminals through the tunnel and into mainland Europe.

Customs clearance for goods that travel to or from non-European Union countries via the Channel Tunnel can be processed at the Folkestone terminal. You can .

91香蕉黄色视频ing dangerous goods through the Channel Tunnel

The Channel Tunnel policy on transporting dangerous goods is based on the Europe-wide ADR set of rules, but it is somewhat stricter. Certain goods cannot be transported, including certain explosives - those with the UN number UN0330 - and the substance p-Nitrosodimethylaniline (UN1369).

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For more general information about transporting dangerous goods by rail, see transporting dangerous goods by rail.

If you transport goods by rail, you need to be aware of the CIM note, forwarders' certificates and forthcoming changes in legislation that may affect your paperwork.

CIM consignment note

A CIM note confirms that the rail carrier has received the goods and that a contract of carriage exists between trader and carrier.

Unlike a bill of lading, a CIM note isn't a document of title. It doesn't give its holder rights of ownership or possession of the goods.

Key details to be provided in the CIM note include:

• a description of the goods
• the number of packages and their weight
• the names and addresses of the sender and recipient

The sender is responsible for the accuracy of CIM notes, and is liable for any loss or damage suffered by the carrier due to inaccurate information. Notes are used to calculate compensation if goods are lost or damaged.

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Forwarders' certificates

Increasingly, international trade journeys are intermodal, with freight forwarders playing a crucial co-ordinating role.

'Forwarders' documents' have been designed for these kinds of transactions. The Forwarders' Certificate of Receipt (FCR) provides proof that a forwarder has accepted your goods with irrevocable instructions to deliver them to the consignee indicated on the FCR.

Using an FCR can speed up payment. For example, if you're selling overseas and your contract with the buyer states that the goods are collected from the factory, an FCR can be issued when your buyer's forwarder collects goods.

You can then present the FCR for payment, rather than having to wait until a non-negotiable or negotiable transport document (the proof of the goods having been loaded onto the transport conveyance for the main international carriage, if any) is issued, which may be some time later.

While an FCR is non-negotiable, another similar document, the Forwarders' Certificate of 91香蕉黄色视频 (FCT), is negotiable. This means that the forwarder accepts responsibility to deliver to a destination you specify - not to an unchangeable destination as with the FCR.

For information about more customs and documentation issues, see our section on import and export procedures.

As with any commercial transaction, there are risks associated with trading internationally. You should make sure you arrange the insurance cover you need before moving your goods by rail or any other mode of transport.

In order for insurance cover to be valid, you must show that you have an insurable interest in the insured goods. This means showing that the goods are yours and that you bear the risks associated with them.

Three main risks arise in international trade. These are loss, damage and delay, including detention at customs. The contracts you draw up should use Incoterms to specify exactly how these risks are shared between buyer and seller.

Incoterms are an internationally recognised set of trading terms that spell out exactly when responsibility for the costs and risks of a transaction shift from seller to buyer. This will affect your insurance needs because the greater the costs you're responsible for, the greater the insurance cover you'll need to arrange. Incoterms 2020 cover freight security obligations and new types of container transport. For more information, see our guide to international commercial contracts - Incoterms.

Traders frequently under-insure themselves, so it is recommended that you add ten per cent to the amount of cover you think you need. You can also arrange cover for contingencies such as the buyer refusing to accept your goods when they arrive. For more information about arranging insurance for your international trade, see transport insurance.