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Waste is defined as hazardous if it is classified as hazardous in the European Waste Catalogue (or List of Wastes). Generally waste is hazardous if it, or the materials or substances it contains, are harmful to human health or the environment.

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Examples of hazardous waste

Almost all businesses will produce some hazardous waste. Typical examples include waste:

• asbestos
• chemicals, eg brake fluid and printer toner
• electrical equipment with potentially harmful components such as cathode ray tubes, eg computer monitors and televisions
• fluorescent light tubes and energy-saving light bulbs
• vehicle and other lead-acid batteries
• oils (except edible oils), eg engine oil
• refrigerators containing ozone-depleting substances
• solvents, eg aerosols
• pesticides

Check if your waste is hazardous

Hazardous waste is defined by the European Waste Catalogue (EWC). The EWC has a six-digit code for all types of waste. Hazardous waste is identified in the EWC with an asterisk.

The EWC contains two kinds of hazardous waste entry:

• 'Absolute' entries are always hazardous. Examples include waste from the manufacture of specified acids, inorganic wood preservatives, and nickel cadmium batteries.
• 'Mirror' entries are only considered hazardous if they contain a certain hazardous component, or more than a specified amount of a hazardous substance. Examples include some wastes containing arsenic or mercury or displaying hazardous properties such as flammability.

Many non-hazardous waste entries may also form part of a mirror entry. If this is the case you need to consider whether your waste contains hazardous components before you use a non-hazardous waste code.

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Check your safety data sheets

If you receive materials or chemicals at your site, they should be accompanied by a safety data sheet. The information on the safety data sheet can help you decide if your waste is hazardous, provided the chemicals have not changed due to being used or mixed with other substances.

If you are unsure whether your waste is hazardous, you should contact the Department for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) or a specialist waste management contractor.

All businesses that produce waste have a duty of care to make sure that it is handled and stored safely. If the waste is hazardous, extra controls apply. Hazardous waste is waste that may be harmful to human health or the environment - see what is hazardous waste?

How much hazardous waste you can store

You do not need a waste management licence or pollution prevention and control permit if you store hazardous waste on the site where it was produced for up to 12 months while you wait for it to be collected. The maximum amount of hazardous waste you can store is:

• 23,000 litres of liquid waste stored in a secure container
• either 80 cubic metres (m鲁) of any other type of waste stored in a secure container, or 50m鲁 stored in a secure place

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If you cannot meet these conditions, such as if you store hazardous waste for longer than 12 months, you must have a waste management licence or a pollution prevention and control permit - see environmental permits and licences - an overview.

How to store hazardous waste

If you keep hazardous waste on your premises, even for a short period of time, you must:

• ensure that it is stored safely and securely to prevent pollution
• ensure that it is packaged and labelled correctly
• keep different types of hazardous waste separate
• keep hazardous and non-hazardous waste separate
• keep liquid hazardous waste in a dedicated area, with a bund or barrier to contain spills and leaks
• regularly check storage areas for leaks, deteriorating containers or other potential risks
• display written instructions for storing and disposing of each type of hazardous waste
• maintain an inventory of the hazardous wastes kept on your premises, and where they are stored - this will help the emergency services to deal with any incident effectively and safely

You must assess risks posed by any hazardous substances that you store on your site, including hazardous waste, and take steps to control those risks - see how to manage harmful substances safely.

Train your staff about hazardous waste

Make sure your staff are properly trained to deal with spills of the hazardous materials that you store on your premises. This should include instructions on what to do if there is a spill, the type of personal protection equipment required and how to correctly dispose of contaminated clean-up materials.

All businesses that produce waste have a duty of care to make sure that it is handled safely and transported in compliance with the law. If the waste is hazardous, extra controls apply. Hazardous waste is waste that may be harmful to human health or the environment - see what is hazardous waste?

Moving hazardous waste

Make sure all hazardous waste is:

• transported by a registered or exempt waste carrier
• accompanied by a consignment note (there are only a few exceptions where consignment notes are not required)
• sent to a facility that holds a suitable pollution prevention and control permit, waste management licence or a registered exemption that authorises them to take that type of waste for the activity they intend

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Before moving hazardous waste, you should evaluate the recycling, recovery and disposal options available for the waste you produce.

Pre-notify NIEA

You must pre-notify the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) at least 72 hours and not more than one month before any hazardous waste leaves your site. You do this by filling in a consignment note.

Some hazardous waste movements are exempt from pre-notification. The exemption will apply to you if:

• you regularly produce and transport the same type of waste to the same disposal or recovery facility - you only need to pre-notify the NIEA of the first consignment in any one year provided you refer to the number of the initial pre-notification in all consignment notes
• your business operates on a number of sites, and you transport your hazardous waste to a site that you own that holds a suitable licence, permit or exemption to receive the waste
• you return faulty products or materials as hazardous waste to the supplier or manufacturer
• your consignment only contains lead-acid vehicle batteries

Movements of hazardous wastes that are exempt from pre-notification must still be accompanied by a consignment note.

Use consignment notes when moving hazardous waste

When you move hazardous waste from your premises it must be accompanied by a consignment note. This includes moving it to any other site that you may operate. The waste must be accompanied by a consignment note until it reaches its final destination. You must keep a copy of all consignment notes for three years. There are only a very few exceptions where consignment notes are not needed.

Your waste carrier can use single or multiple collection forms. Your consignment note must include a unique code. You must get this code from NIEA. You can buy consignment notes from NIEA.

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Since 8 October 2011, you have to include new information on your consignment notes to declare that you have applied the waste management hierarchy for dealing with your waste. This means you must take all practicable steps to reuse or recycle your waste before deciding to dispose of it - see choosing a waste management option.

Cross-border movements of hazardous waste

All hazardous waste produced within Northern Ireland must be consigned using a consignment note or number issued by NIEA, regardless of its final destination within the UK.

If you export hazardous waste to England or Wales, the site which receives the waste must send a completed deposit note to NIEA.

If you export hazardous waste to Scotland, the site which receives the waste must send a completed deposit note to their local Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) office. SEPA will then forward a copy of the note to NIEA.

Meet carriage of dangerous goods requirements

If you transport hazardous waste you must comply with controls on the carriage of dangerous goods - .

If your business produces hazardous waste, you must make sure that it is disposed of or treated by an appropriate facility. You must not treat your own hazardous waste unless you are authorised to do so, and have the required in-house skills and facilities. Hazardous waste is waste that may be harmful to human health or the environment - see what is hazardous waste?

Some hazardous waste such as solvents, waste oils and metals can be recovered and recycled. Some hazardous waste can be incinerated, usually with other fuels, to generate power. Specialist incinerators for the most difficult hazardous wastes work at extremely high temperatures and have strict emission controls.

Treating hazardous waste

Treatment involves physical, thermal, chemical or biological processes (including sorting) that change the characteristics of waste in order to:

• reduce its volume
• reduce its hazardous nature
• make it easier to handle
• make it easier to recover

Diluting hazardous waste by mixing it with non-hazardous materials doesn't qualify as treatment. If hazardous waste is mixed in this way it must still be classified and managed as hazardous waste, or separated when it is safe to do so.

Mixing different categories of hazardous waste, or hazardous waste with non-hazardous waste or non-waste, is only allowed in certain circumstances and always requires a permit.

Disposing of hazardous waste

You must only dispose of hazardous waste at authorised sites - .

You should try to reduce and recycle your hazardous waste before sending it for disposal - see reducing your hazardous waste.

Make sure that your waste is transported by a registered or exempt waste carrier - .

Disposing of hazardous waste to landfill

If you intend to take hazardous waste to a landfill site, you must use a site that is authorised to accept it.

Hazardous waste landfill sites may not be able to take all types of hazardous waste. Landfill sites will only accept certain types of hazardous waste if all of the following requirements are met:

• the landfill site's permit allows the type of waste
• waste acceptance criteria are met
• the landfill operator is prepared to accept the waste

Certain types of hazardous waste are banned from landfill sites including those that are explosive, corrosive, flammable or infectious. All liquid waste is also banned from landfill.

Hazardous waste must be treated before it is sent to landfill.

Exporting hazardous waste

Hazardous waste can only be exported for recovery or recycling (not for disposal) to another Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country. Exports can only be made by authorised treatment facilities.

Hazardous waste is harmful to the environment and expensive to dispose of. It makes sense to reduce the amount of hazardous waste your business produces.

How to reduce hazardous waste

You can reduce hazardous waste by focusing on three main business areas:

• Maintenance, eg preventing leaks, waste streaming, staff training.
• Technology, eg updating or replacing equipment, applying better controls.
• Production, eg choosing non-hazardous raw materials, altering your products.

Talk to your suppliers for advice on alternative non-hazardous materials and components.

Joining a trade association or networking with similar businesses can be a great way to keep up with new developments.

Examples of reducing hazardous waste

Ways for your business to reduce hazardous waste include:

• choosing non-hazardous or less hazardous materials or components as alternatives to any hazardous materials you currently use
• improving process efficiency to reduce the quantity of materials that you use and the amount of waste you produce
• improving quality control procedures to reduce the number of defective products that you have to throw away
• minimising equipment cleaning - better working practices can reduce both the frequency and the extent of cleaning, reducing the amount of potentially contaminating effluents that you produce
• recovering used materials that are discarded - some of these may be reused on site, others can be sent off site for recycling, treatment or recovery
• changing the design of your products or processes to eliminate the use of hazardous materials
• separating your waste to prevent contamination

Support for reducing hazardous waste

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