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Air emissions from chemical manufacturing can contain a wide range of harmful substances which can have negative effects on the environment and human health.

Emissions to air or odours can result from:

• reaction or distillation facilities
• combustion plant
• products used in specific chemical processes, eg chlorophenols
• storing raw materials such as solvents, eg ethyl acetate, toluene and xylene
• using certain chemical groups, eg volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or sulfurous compounds
• waste and wastewater treatment processes

Comply with your permit conditions

If you have a pollution prevention and control (PPC) permit, you must meet the conditions it contains.

Your permit may contain conditions relating to odour and emissions to air, including controls on substances such as:

• halogens - substances that contain chlorine, fluorine, iodine and bromine
• nitrous oxides
• ozone-depleting substances - eg carbon tetrachloride, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
• suspended particulates - eg dust
• sulphur dioxide
• VOCs - eg acetaldehyde, ethylene, phenol

If you use organic solvents, you must comply with further requirements. These will reduce or control your solvent emissions.

Prevent odour and nuisance

You must make sure your activities don't cause a nuisance to your neighbours or the local community. Nuisances could include smoke, dust and odour. Anyone affected by a nuisance can take legal action against you or your business, or complain to your district council.

If your business causes a nuisance, or could cause or repeat a nuisance, you can be issued with an abatement notice, which can:

• stop or restrict your operations
• require you to take steps to restrict or remove the nuisance

You can be fined if you do not comply with an abatement notice.

See noise, odour and other nuisances.

Meet ozone-depleting substance (ODS) or fluorinated gas (F-gas) requirements

If your business supplies or handles ODS or F-gases, or uses equipment that contains them, you must comply with a number of legal obligations - see chemical manufacturer responsibilities for ozone-depleting substance and F-gases.

Avoid emitting dark smoke

You must not cause or allow a chimney or bonfire on your site to emit dark smoke. You can apply for an exemption from this requirement when burning certain waste materials in the open, eg waste explosives. You must still comply with any other legislation that covers these activities - see burning waste.

Good practice to reduce air pollution

Take simple steps to reduce dust, odours and fumes to help you avoid causing air pollution.

• Store loose materials either indoors or under cover. Store oil and chemicals in suitable, sealed containers and make sure that lids fit tightly.
• Make sure the seals in your equipment fit properly and are in good condition, eg around valves and flanges.
• Establish systems to monitor, measure, control and minimise solvent emissions.
• Install chemical recovery systems to capture chemicals in exhaust gases.
• Use extraction units to remove dust and odour from your operations and filter the extracted air before you release it into the atmosphere.
• Regularly inspect and maintain all abatement equipment, such as scrubbers, carbon filters and dust filters, to ensure your equipment runs efficiently. Make regular visual inspections of your emissions to air and keep inspection records on your site.
• Ensure that roads and any open storage areas are hard-surfaced. Clean these regularly to reduce dust.
• Cover skips and lorries leaving your site.

Chemical manufacturing businesses may create noise in many ways, for example by:

• operating large processing plant and machinery, eg compressors and vacuum pumps
• moving raw materials and goods to and from site
• using vehicles on site, especially if they have reversing alarms

Chemical manufacturing activities can also create vibration.

If noise or vibration from your activities causes a nuisance to the surrounding community, your district council can limit your operations or even stop you from working. They can restrict:

• the machinery you use
• your working hours
• noise levels from your premises

If you have a permit, licence or exemption and you breach noise conditions, the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) or your district council can take enforcement action against you. If you do not address a noise problem you could face legal action and a fine.

You must comply with any noise conditions set out in the planning approval for your site.

Register your burglar alarms

If your business is located in an alarm notification area you must:

• register your burglar alarm with your district council
• provide the details of a person who holds the keys
• ensure the key holder knows how to use the alarm system

You could be fined if you do not register. Contact your district council to find out if your business is in an alarm notification area.

Protect your employees from loud noise

Loud noise can cause irreversible hearing damage. You must protect your employees' hearing.

Check your permit conditions

If you have a pollution prevention and control permit, a waste management licence or a waste exemption, it may contain conditions that control emissions, such as noise. You must comply with all of the conditions in your permit, licence or exemption. If you don't comply, the NIEA or your district council can take enforcement action against you, such as issuing you with an enforcement notice or a suspension notice for breach of a condition.

Good practice to avoid noise pollution

• Carry out noisy activities away from areas where noise may cause a nuisance. Position noisy equipment away from your site boundary. You can use existing buildings to shield the noise source.
• Make sure your buildings have adequate soundproofing. Shutting your doors and windows will also reduce noise. Use solid panelled fencing around your site instead of wire fences. This can help to screen the source and reduce the level of noise from your site.
• Reduce noise from your equipment and vehicles by servicing them regularly. Consider fitting noise-reducing devices, and when you replace equipment consider buying quieter alternatives.
• You should regularly monitor noise from your site, when it is fully working and also when it is shut down. This will give you an idea of the impact of your work on noise levels in the surrounding community. Monitoring will also help you identify any change in noise levels. If you are in any doubt about noise levels, you should get advice from a noise expert.
• Limit noisy activities to daylight hours as noise is more likely to be a nuisance at night.
• If you operate a night shift, move materials into the work area during the day or early evening. This will reduce the risk of complaints from the local community.
• If you receive a complaint make sure you deal with it properly.

If you pollute water, or cause or risk causing environmental damage to water, you are committing an offence.

Your chemical manufacturing business can pollute waterways and sewers by discharging raw materials and effluent. You may produce contaminated wastewater from:

• boiler operations
• chemical reaction cooling processes
• discharge from wet scrubbers
• cleaning operations
• effluent or other treatment plants
• site drainage and stormwater run-off

These sources may contain:

• heavy metals, eg cadmium and mercury
• hydrocarbons, eg benzene
• resins
• solvents, eg dichloroethane

Get permission to discharge to water and sewers

You must get a discharge consent or groundwater authorisation from the Northern Ireland Environment Agency before you discharge anything other than uncontaminated water to surface waters or groundwater. You may also need consent if you need to construct a new outfall structure for your discharge.

You must comply with the conditions of your consent or authorisation or you may be prosecuted and fined.

You must have permission from NI Water before you discharge anything other than clean, uncontaminated water to their drainage system. If you discharge trade effluent to a public foul sewer, you must first have a trade effluent consent or agreement.

Prevent environmental damage

Water pollution can be classed as environmental damage in some circumstances.

You must prevent and clean up environmental damage that occurs from surface or groundwater pollution caused by your business activities. If anyone else reports environmental damage as a result of your activities, your enforcing authority will have to investigate.

Good practice to prevent water pollution

Store hazardous materials, fuel, oil and chemicals safely and in an area where you can contain spills. This may be a legal requirement when storing oil.

You should use an impermeable secondary containment system such as a:

• bunded area
• bunded pallet or spill pallet
• sump pallet
• bunded storage unit
• bunded drum store
• storage cabinet with an integral sump

Your bund and any bunded pallets should be able to contain at least 110 per cent of the volume of the largest tank or 25 per cent of the total volume you are likely to store, whichever is greater.

You should take steps to meet drainage system requirements to avoid pollution.

Follow the pollution prevention guidelines (PPGs) to avoid causing pollution. This is particularly important if your business is in an area that has vulnerable groundwater.

Prepare a pollution incident response procedure for dealing with spills. Make sure that your staff are familiar with the procedure and know how to implement your pollution incident plan.

If you operate a chemical manufacturing business, you could be causing land contamination from:

• spills of fuel, oil or chemicals from your storage areas
• pollutants seeping from leaking pipes or poorly maintained drainage systems
• inappropriate handling or disposal of hazardous substances such as chemicals or fuel

Many areas of land are contaminated by their past use. For example, land could be contaminated where chemicals have seeped into the land from previous industrial activities, or where previous owners have buried waste.

Your current activities could also cause land contamination, particularly if you handle hazardous substances such as chemicals or fuel.

Responsibilities for cleaning up land contamination

You could be responsible for cleaning up land contamination, for example, if you:

• develop land that is contaminated
• cause environmental damage to land
• cause contamination in breach of your pollution prevention and control (PPC) permit

You could be required to clean up land contamination before you are allowed to carry out development.

If you cause serious land contamination that affects the water environment, protected species or habitats, or human health, this can be classed as environmental damage. You could be responsible for land contamination if it is classed as environmental damage - see contaminated land.

You could also be responsible for land contamination if it is caused by you breaching the terms of your PPC permit.

Good practice for contaminated land management and prevention

• Ask a consultant to carry out a desktop survey and possibly some site investigations to check if land could be contaminated before you purchase it.
• Research the history of your site and the activities carried out on it. Investigate any land that could be contaminated and see if you can identify who may have caused any contamination.
• Store oil and chemicals safely to avoid causing pollution.
• Keep absorbent materials and other containment equipment close to where you might need them. Ensure that they are suitable for the type and quantity of fuel, oil and chemicals you store and use on site. Ensure that your staff know where they are and how to use them properly.

Accidents on industrial and commercial sites can cause serious pollution incidents. These may damage the water environment and biodiversity, cause air pollution and land contamination and harm human health.

Pollution incidents can be caused by:

• fuel drips, spills or overfilling during refuelling or tank filling
• plant, pipes, equipment or containers leaking oil or chemicals
• pump and pipeline failures
• treatment plant failures
• contaminated water entering a waterway or drain
• natural events, such as flooding, lightning strike and temperature extremes
• vandalism and theft
• deliberate acts, such as illegal disposal, dumping or fly-tipping
• wind blown dust and waste

Produce a pollution incident response plan

You should have a pollution incident response plan which outlines the actions you will take to reduce the chances that your business causes pollution from an incident or accident at your site.

Your plan should include:

• your site activities and operations
• what you store on your site
• emergency and out-of-hours contact details for key staff, regulators and emergency services
• a detailed site plan showing drainage layout, areas where the chances of causing pollution are high and areas vulnerable to pollution
• the actions to take in the event of an incident

Prevent and remediate environmental damage

A pollution incident may cause, or threaten to cause, environmental damage to water, land and biodiversity.

You must take action to prevent environmental damage and to remedy any damage you cause.

Prevent pollution from firefighting

Firewater is water that has become contaminated by being used for firefighting. It is polluting and may be classified as hazardous waste. Ensure you have a plan and equipment in place to collect or contain it in the event of an emergency.

You should:

• store firewater correctly
• ensure firewater is treated and disposed of correctly
• prevent firewater from running into surface drains, polluting nearby waterways (rivers, streams and groundwater), foul drainage systems and land