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There are many benefits for businesses working on construction projects in aiming to reduce waste from the design stage. These include:

• reducing overall project costs
• reducing the amount and cost of sending waste to landfill
• reducing the carbon emissions of the project
• improving the financial and environmental reputation of the businesses working on the project

The designing out waste approach can also help businesses in construction projects work more closely and efficiently together, and help projects meet industry standards, such as the Code for Sustainable Homes.

Designing out waste from construction projects could enable your business to attract new clients that are interested in environmental issues. Working with clients and contractors to design out waste can also lead to cost savings and marketing opportunities for all parties.

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Designing out waste (DoW) requires you to build the principles of using resources efficiently into the design stage of construction projects. The aim is to plan, as far as possible, to use available materials as efficiently as possible in order to minimise the amount used for construction. This helps to reduce the quantity of waste created during the construction process.

The five key principles of DoW are:

• reuse and recovery of materials
• off-site construction
• materials optimisation
• waste efficient procurement
• deconstruction and flexibility

Find more detail on the five key principles to designing out waste.

How to design out waste from your construction project

DoW principles can be applied to building or civil engineering projects. This is done most effectively through a structured approach following a three-step DoW process:

1. Identifying opportunities to reduce materials use or waste in the current design.
2. Investigating further those opportunities which are easiest to implement or will bring the biggest benefits.
3. Implementing the best design solutions - the client must sign these off. Addressing waste disposal issues at the design stage can help you to comply with waste regulations and increase your resource efficiency.

For more information, see applying the designing out waste principles to building projects and applying the designing out waste principles to civil engineering projects.

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Architects and design teams are essential for the success of applying the designing out waste (DoW) principles to building projects. DoW principles can be incorporated into the design stages specified by the Royal Institute of British Architects.

Stages A-B: appraisal and strategic brief

During the appraisal and strategic brief stages, the designers for the building project should incorporate the DoW principles of reuse and recovery of materials, and design for deconstruction and flexibility.

Reusing materials includes:

• assessing whether any existing buildings on site could be partly or completely refurbished to meet the project's needs
• carrying out a pre-demolition audit of buildings that are being demolished to discover whether any materials or components can be reused

Designers should also assess whether deconstruction and flexibility can be considered, or is a priority.

Stage C: outline proposal

At the outline proposal stage of a design project, designers can apply the DoW principles of reuse and recovery of materials, and off-site construction.

Options for reusing materials at this stage include:

• discussing with other consultants whether recycled materials or components need to be tested or certificated before use
• choosing a demolition contractor able to maximise the reuse of materials

Off-site construction building design considerations include:

• assessing whether off-site manufactured systems can be used for the structural elements
• checking construction site access required to bring in prefabricated components

At the outline proposal stage, you should also consider:

• designing for materials optimisation - using simple structural approaches that minimise the amount of material used, for example concrete post tensioning instead of reinforced concrete cast in situ
• designing for waste efficient procurement - assess implications of design chosen for how the building will be built, for example in terms of specifications and contracts
• designing for deconstruction and flexibility - for example for major building elements such as structural frames

Stage D: detailed proposals

By the end of the detailed proposal stage, designers should have decided upon and incorporated detailed DoW solutions into the project, as part of the building's form, materials and space requirements.

Waste reduction proposals made at this stage should therefore be incorporated into the design's development, and detailed waste-reduction discussions should take place with other consultants, contractors and suppliers.

At this stage, the designer should also highlight any implications of DoW decisions on the overall project costs.

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There are five key principles that you can use during the design process of a civil engineering project to help reduce construction waste and use materials more efficiently.

1. Design for reuse and recovery

This is essential if you want to minimise the quantities of materials needed for the work. Reuse and recovery works well on civil engineering projects which generate large quantities of waste, for example earthworks, pavements and structures.

You should consider reuse and recycling of materials on site before importing materials with high recycled content, for example:

• reusing existing foundations, floor slabs, pavements, structures and drainage
• designing site layout to use existing topography and features
• balancing cut/fill quantities
• manufacturing soils on site using PAS 100 compost
• treating soils with cementitious agents and using hydraulically bound materials
• using geosystems to enable use of material on site
• in-situ remediation or encapsulation of contaminated land
• crushing and screening arisings for use as recycled aggregates
• cold recycling of pavements

You will not be able to eliminate the import of materials completely but you can use materials with high recycled content.

2. Design for off-site construction

This has the potential to considerably reduce waste on site by significantly changing on-site operations and the construction process overall, for example:

• reducing construction-related transport movements
• improving health and safety on site by avoiding accidents
• improving workmanship quality and reducing on-site errors and rework
• reducing construction timescales and improving programmes

Off-site construction is suitable for a number of civil engineering applications, including the use of:

• prefabricated units - such as manholes
• precast components for retaining walls, bridges and other structures
• precast piles rather than cast in situ
• precast tunnel segments rather than cast in situ tunnel linings

3. Design for materials optimisation

You can apply innovative ways to reduce overall material use, such as:

• voided slabs in bridges
• lightweight aggregate in concrete - especially when derived from a secondary material such as expanded pulverised fuel ash
• use of innovative lightweight materials - such as fibre reinforced composites

By reducing the weight of structures you reduce the loading, so the structural members and foundations will be thinner and require less cement and reinforcement.

You can also use geosystems to reduce the overall material use on a project. These will enable you to build steeper slopes without the need for concrete or steel retaining structures or thinner pavement layers.

4. Design for waste efficient procurement

Designers can work with contractors to identify areas where waste is likely to happen and contribute design decisions and initiatives to reduce waste through procurement, for example:

• preliminary design stage - investigate options that are simple to construct and minimise waste
• detailed design stage - develop work sequences and material logistics plans that will minimise waste
• programming - ensure work is efficient, avoiding unnecessary waste by excessive rework and taking the opportunity to reuse materials

Design choices during the detailed design stage will lead to the generation of waste on site - for example the selection of mesh size for reinforced concrete and the specification of geosynthetics. You can apply methods to reduce waste through the following:

• design - for example designing structural elements which can be constructed efficiently
• specification - for example writing tighter specifications of work procedures to avoid waste and allow the use of recycled materials
• contracts - for example encouraging early contractor involvement

You should encourage the inclusion of commitments to reducing waste in contracts throughout the supply chain.

5. Design for deconstruction and flexibility

This principle focuses on the requirement to ensure that the construction can be maintained, refurbished or extended as required.

During the preliminary design stages, it will be difficult to develop design for deconstruction and flexibility proposals to any great extent. However, it is important to agree as early as possible on the use of this principle as part of the overall strategy so that all parties are committed to considering it throughout the design process.

You should not include any materials or components that would make future extension or recycling difficult or impossible, for example using unbound post-tensioned steel in reinforced concrete structures or designing underground drainage services without considering future potential lateral connections. You should avoid the use of hazardous materials that might cause problems for future recycling.

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