Innovation and R&D

Securing your patent rights in other countries

dcomisso — Fri, 31 Jan 2025 14:45:33 +0000

Securing your patent rights in other countries dcomisso Fri, 31/01/2025 - 14:45

Protect, commercialise and manage your patents

In this guide:

Renewing your patent in the UK

Understand UK patent renewal deadlines, payment rules, and the steps to take if you miss a renewal date.

Your patent remains valid only if you renew it regularly. Missing renewal deadlines can result in your patent lapsing, leaving your invention unprotected. You can renew your UK patent online, by post or by phone with the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO).

Key patent renewal timelines

The IPO has clear timeframes for the UK patent renewal process. These determine when you must renew your patent and pay the associated fees.

Initial renewal

Your first renewal fee is due on the fourth anniversary of your patent's filing date. So, if you filed on 15 March 2021, your first renewal will be due by 15 March 2025.

Special conditions apply if your patent is granted more than three years and nine months after the filing date - a situation referred to as a 'late grant'. In such cases, your first renewal fee is due three months after the grant, by the last day of that month. You may also need to pay multiple renewal fees at once to cover any missed years. For example, if your patent is granted in its fifth year, you must pay the renewal fees for both the fourth and fifth years together.

Subsequent renewals

After the first renewal, you can renew your patent every year, up to its maximum term of 20 years. You must renew annually near the 'due date' - the last day of the month in which you first filed.

Payment deadlines and grace period

You can renew up to three months before, or within one month after, the due date without penalties. You can still renew up to six months after the due date, but you'll pay a late fee of £24 for each overdue month, as well as the annual fee.

Find more details on the various deadlines within the patent renewal process.

Patent renewal fees in the UK

Patent renewal fees start at £70 in year 5 and increase every year, reaching £610 in year 20. This means costs of renewal go up as your patent gets older. If you plan to keep your patent for a while, make sure to budget for the higher fees in later years to keep costs under control. Get the full breakdown of patent fees from the IPO.

Remembering to renew your patent

You should set up reminders or, if you have several patents in your portfolio, use patent management tools to track renewal deadlines. You can also sign up for the IPO's email notification service to help you stay on track.

Renew your patent or sign up for renewal reminders with the IPO.

If you miss the renewal date, the IPO will send you a reminder by post to your last known address. To update your postal address, you'll need to contact the IPO.

Restoring a lapsed patent

If you miss the six-month late renewal deadline, you have 13 more months to apply to restore your patent. You'll need to explain why you missed the deadline and submit a restoration form. If the IPO approves your application, you can renew your patent as normal. If your application is rejected, the IPO will let you know, and you can request a hearing to appeal the decision. Keep in mind, you won't get a refund if the IPO turns your application down.

Keeping your patent details up to date

It's important to keep your patent details accurate and up to date to protect its value and enforceability. If you need to correct errors, update ownership, or change contact information, you must notify the IPO promptly. For more significant changes, such as addressing objections after grant, you must follow specific IPO procedures.

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Monitoring and challenging patents

Understand how to track patents, file objections, and take steps to revoke or challenge a competitor’s patent in the UK.
Monitoring patents helps protect your business, avoid legal risks, and stay competitive. The UK Intellectual Property Office has developed tools and processes to help you stay informed and take action when needed, such as requesting caveats, filing observations, requesting objections, opinions on validity, and revocation.

Monitor competing patents and inventions

Keeping track of patents allows you to spot new filings, track competitors' innovations, and ensure your own rights are not infringed. You can use the IPO's search tool to monitor patents relevant to your business.

Check patent search reports

Patent search reports provide valuable information about existing patents or applications. These reports reveal if a similar invention exists, if the IPO requested changes to a patent's claims, and if any prior art could affect the validity of a patent. By reviewing search reports, you can assess the patent landscape and avoid conflicts.

Request a caveat

A caveat is a request for the IPO to notify you of specific actions taken on a patent, such as publication, withdrawal, or changes to ownership. This helps you stay updated on patents that could impact your business without needing constant manual checks. See how to register a caveat with the IPO.

Object to patent applications

If a competitor files a patent that could harm your business, you can file an objection. You can object on the following grounds:

the invention isn't new (prior art exists)

it lacks an inventive step

the specification is unclear or incomplete

Your objection must include 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶing evidence, such as published documents or proof of prior use. See how to oppose a patent application.

File patent observations

You can file observations to highlight why a patent application shouldn't be granted. Observations focus on issues like the invention not being novel, or the claims being too broad or obvious. These observations must be submitted during the IPO's examination process, and while they're non-binding, they can influence the IPO's decision. Learn how to make patent observations.

Opinions on entitlement or validity of a granted patent

If you believe a patent is invalid or wrongly granted, you can request an official opinion from the IPO. This process is quicker and cheaper than legal proceedings and can address patent validity issues (such as the lack of novelty), or ownership disputes over who is entitled to the patent. Opinions are not legally binding but can provide clarity and help in negotiations or for planning further action.

Revoking or invalidating a patent

If a granted patent affects your business, you can apply in court to have it revoked. Common reasons for revocation include:

the invention isn't new or lacks inventive steps

the patent owner wasn't entitled to the application

the specification is insufficient or inaccurate

Other grounds exist which may apply in rarer circumstances. You can read more about the IPO's power to revoke patents on application.

Revocation is a serious step, often used as part of a counterclaim in infringement disputes. You should get legal advice before pursuing this route. Keep in mind that court litigation is typically more expensive, time-consuming, and stressful than other ways of resolving patent disputes.
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Licensing your patent in the UK

Find out how to license a UK patent, set royalty terms, and manage agreements to maximise income from your invention.
Simply owning a patent doesn't guarantee income. To commercialise your patent, you must market the invention, sell the patent outright, or license its use. While selling your patent outright offers quick cash, licensing is typically more profitable long term.

What does it mean to license a patent?

Licensing your patent allows you to retain ownership while granting others the right to use, produce, or sell your invention under agreed terms. In return, you typically receive royalties, upfront payments, or profit-sharing from the licensee.

What are patent licensing agreements in the UK?

A patent licensing agreement is a legal contract that gives someone else (the licensee) specific rights over your invention. Different types of licensing agreements exist.

Exclusive licence

An exclusive licence gives one licensee sole rights to your invention in a specific market or territory. No one else, including you, can use or sell the invention there where the licence is in force. An exclusive licence often brings higher royalties and stronger partners but relies heavily on the licensee's performance.

Non-exclusive licence

A non-exclusive licence lets you license your invention to multiple parties, helping you reach broader markets. It's flexible and diversifies income but can lead to lower royalties, competition between licensees, and more management effort.

Licence of right

A licence of right means that you, as the patent holder, have agreed to make your patent available for licensing to anyone who requests it. This type of licensing reduces renewal costs and attracts more licensees but limits exclusivity and may increase competition. You can ask the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to endorse your patent with a licence of right.

Standard Essential Patents licences (SEPs)

These licences cover patents that protect technology essential to a recognised industry standard (for example 5G, Wi-Fi and similar). Such patents must be licensed under fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms to ensure that all businesses can access and use the standardised technology. Read more in the ICO's guidance on SEPs.

How to license a patent for passive income

First, assess whether your invention has commercial value. Research the market, target industries, and find potential licensees like manufacturers or distributors. Attend trade shows, network, or advertise your patent. Decide if a licence of right fits your goals.

Then, make sure that your patent is granted and up-to-date. With the legal groundwork in place, decide on your strategy. Choose between an exclusive or non-exclusive licence and set terms like duration, royalties, market scope, and other conditions that suit your business.

Negotiate a patent licensing agreement in the UK

A typical licensing agreement covers:

scope - exclusive or non-exclusive, territories, and industries covered

duration - length of the agreement and renewal/termination terms

royalties - payment structure, frequency, and minimum thresholds

rights - sub-licensing permissions and usage limitations

responsibilities - duties of both the patent owner and licensee

ownership - patent owner retains intellectual property rights

dispute resolution - mediation, arbitration, or legal jurisdiction for conflicts

liability - indemnification clauses and risk protection

termination - conditions for ending the agreement and consequences

It can help to involve a patent attorney to negotiate and outline any terms, and ensure your agreement protects your intellectual property. You can also download a skeleton licence from the IPO (PDF, 141K) to explore clauses you would typically expect to see in an IP licence agreement.

Once agreed, formalise and register the licence with the IPO.

After this, it's good practice to monitor the agreement to track compliance, royalty payments, and performance, addressing disputes or changes as needed. If market conditions shift, consider renegotiating or expanding the licence.

If licensing isn't suitable, selling your patent outright can offer a one-time financial boost by transferring patent ownership to the buyer. Alternatively, if you're interested in using someone else's patent, you can negotiate to buy it outright or secure a licence for its use.
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Advantages and disadvantages of licensing patents

Explore the pros and cons of patent licensing, from revenue potential and market access to potential risks for both parties.
Patents are valuable business assets but can be costly to turn into a product. If manufacturing or selling your invention isn't feasible, licensing allows you to earn income while still keeping ownership of your invention.

Benefits of patent licensing

For patent owners, licensing offers simple and practical benefits:

No commercialisation costs - The licensee handles manufacturing, marketing, and sales, so you avoid the cost and effort of production.

Faster to market - Established businesses can leverage their resources to launch your invention quickly, saving you time.

Access to new markets - Licensing can help you reach regions you may not have access to, avoid export costs, and benefit from your licensee's existing market networks.

Steady revenue streams - Licensing generates income through royalties, one-off payments, or profit-sharing, giving you consistent returns without direct involvement.

Retaining ownership - Licensing lets you profit from your patent while staying in control of it. This means you can explore additional opportunities or expand your licensing agreements in the future.

For many businesses, licensing is a simple and effective way to turn patents into profitable assets. But it's not without challenges.

Disadvantages of licensing patents

While licensing can be lucrative, it also comes with risks that need careful consideration. For example, choosing the wrong partner can lead to missed opportunities, poor management of your invention, or even legal disputes, which can take time and money to resolve.

Other concerns may include:

Loss of control over your invention - Licensees may use it in ways you didn't intend, such as entering markets you planned to target, or compromising product quality, which can harm your reputation.

Dependence on licensees - Your success depends on the licensee's ability to market and sell effectively. If they underperform, your invention may not reach its full potential.

Increased competition - Licensing to multiple parties can create direct competitors, leading to price wars or reduced market share. This can also impact your profits if you plan to sell the product yourself.

By thoroughly vetting potential licensees, creating clear agreements, and regularly monitoring the partnership, you can minimise these risks and protect the value of your patent.

Read more about licensing your patent or using and licensing other people's patents.
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Buying and licensing other people's patents

Explore the benefits of licensing or buying a patent, and what to check before securing rights to an existing invention.
Businesses 'license out' patents to earn money from their inventions. If you want to use one of these patents, you'll need to become a licensee and sign a licensing agreement with the patent owner. Alternatively, you can buy the patent outright.

Buying or licensing a patent lets you:

save time and money - by using an existing invention instead of creating new technology

stay competitive - by accessing advanced technology to gain an edge in the market

expand your products - by adding new features, processes, or products to your lineup

Finding a patent to license or buy

Start by doing a patent search using tools like Espacenet or search the UK Intellectual Property Office's (IPO) database to find patents that fit your needs. You can also connect directly with inventors, startups, or companies working on relevant technologies. If you're unsure where to start, patent brokers or licensing consultants can help you find the right opportunities.

Key considerations before licensing a patent

Before licensing a patent, review the entire agreement to ensure it aligns with your business needs. Here are some things to consider:

Patent search and validity: Confirm the patent is valid, active, and enforceable in your region. Ensure the claims cover the technology you need.

Freedom to operate: Confirm that the patent owner has the legal right to license the technology and that it does not infringe on other existing intellectual property rights.

Terms of the licence: Decide if you need an exclusive or non-exclusive licence and review restrictions like usage rights, geographic limits, and sub-licensing terms.

Costs and royalties: Understand the fees, royalties, or profit-sharing terms, and ensure they align with your expected return on investment.

Technical and commercial feasibility: Confirm the technology integrates with your operations, fits market demand, and 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶs your business strategy.

Quality control: Agree on quality standards to protect your product and reputation.

Legal and compliance risks: Ensure the licence avoids infringement risks and complies with relevant industry regulations.

Duration and renewal: Review how long the licence lasts and if renewal or renegotiation options are included.

Exit strategy: Establish clear terms for ending the agreement if the partnership fails or the technology becomes outdated.

By considering these factors, you can secure a licensing agreement that 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶs your business goals while minimising risks.

Key considerations before buying a patent

While licensing gives you temporary access to a patent with ongoing terms, buying it outright provides full ownership with a one-time payment.

When buying, you'll need proper documentation, like an assignment agreement, to transfer ownership. This needs to be recorded with the IPO.

Buying a patent is a big upfront expense, but it gives you full ownership and control. It's a good option if the patent fits your long-term goals or gives you a competitive edge. However, you need to weigh the costs against the potential benefits to ensure it's worth the investment.
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Protecting your patent in the UK

Understand how to enforce your patent rights, the importance of proactive enforcement and taking protective action.
Securing a patent is just the first step in protecting your intellectual property. As a patent holder, you are responsible for monitoring, maintaining, and enforcing your rights. Without proactive enforcement, your patent offers little protection. Here's how to effectively enforce a patent in the UK.

Keep your patent valid

A lapsed patent loses legal protection, making your invention vulnerable to unlicensed use. Make sure that you:

pay renewal fees on time

set reminders to avoid accidental lapses

stay compliant to maintain patent protection

Find out how to renew your patent in the UK.

Monitor for infringement

Regular monitoring helps you detect potential violations early. To monitor for infringement effectively:

track the market - keep an eye on competitors' products and services

use patent databases - search for unauthorised use of your invention

set up patent alerts - get notification of new filings that may conflict with your patent

check Intellectual Property Office's updates for new applications and grants

file objections - if a competitor's application overlaps with your patent

Discover more ways to monitor patent activity.

Mark your patented products

Clear labelling reinforces your patent rights and deters infringement. You can:

use the 'patented' label to display your rights on products

include the patent number on packaging, documents or website

advertise your patent protection on marketing materials

use 'patent pending' to deter potential copycats if your application is still in progress

When labelling patented product, keep your details up to date and ensure accuracy, as false marking can lead to legal issues.

Find out more on marking patented products.

Enforce your patent rights

Owning a patent is only useful if you actively protect it. To enforce your patent effectively, don't ignore potential infringements. These could lead to:

unauthorised use of your invention

loss of exclusivity in the market

legal issues if the infringer claims they acted in good faith

Investigate suspicious activity fully to assess the risks as soon as possible. If enforcement becomes necessary, having strong documentation will strengthen your case.

Find out what to do if someone infringes your patent.
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What to do if someone infringes your UK patent

Find out how to respond to patent infringement and enforce your rights, from cease-and-desist letters to legal action.
Patent infringement happens when someone uses, makes, sells, or imports your invention without permission. However, enforcement is only possible if your patent is valid, granted, and active in the country where the infringement takes place.

Before taking action, first confirm that your patent is in force and meets legal requirements. Infringement is often unintentional, so a practical first step is direct communication or mediation, which can resolve issues quickly and cost-effectively. If the issue persists, follow these steps to respond to infringement.

Gather evidence

Before taking action, document the infringement. You can:

collect samples of infringing products, advertising materials, or product listings

take screenshots of webpages, ads or listing promoting the infringing product

track sales activity such as pricing, availability and distribution channels

check for import/export activity - customs records and supplier details

record dates and instances of unauthorised use

identify which aspects of your patent are being copied

organise all your evidence to strengthen your case if legal action is needed

Send a cease-and-desist letter

A cease-and-desist letter is often enough to stop infringement without going to court. It serves as an official warning and shows you are serious about enforcing your rights. To issue a cease-and-desist notice, draft a formal letter where you:

clearly state your patent rights - include the patent number, filing date, and ownership details

describe the infringement - specify how, where, and when the unauthorised use occurred

demand immediate action - instruct the infringer to stop using, selling, or manufacturing your invention

outline legal consequences - warn that continued infringement may lead to litigation, financial penalties, or an injunction

set a deadline - give a clear timeframe (eg 7 days) for a response or corrective action

keep the tone professional - stick to facts and legal standing rather than threats

seek legal 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ - a patent attorney can draft the letter for maximum impact

keep a copy of the letter and send it via recorded delivery or email with a read receipt for proof

A cease-and-desist letter can also offer to negotiate a licence if the infringement seems unintentional or commercially viable. This can resolve disputes amicably while generating revenue from your patent.

Seek legal advice

If the infringer doesn't comply with the cease-and-desist letter, consult a patent attorney to evaluate your options. They can help you decide the best course of action. Often, mediation or arbitration can resolve disputes more efficiently than litigation. You could also explore if the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) can provide an impartial opinion on validity or infringement of patent.

Consider court action

If other methods fail, you can take legal action to stop the infringement and claim damages. Courts can grant injunction to stop infringement and award financial compensation. Find out how to file legal proceedings through the IPO.

While litigation can be expensive and time-consuming, it may be necessary to protect your rights. If you decide to pursue legal action, work closely with your lawyer to prepare a strong case with documented evidence.

Importance of protecting your patent

Your patent is an investment. Not only does it protect your business idea, but it can also give you a competitive position in the market. Taking steps to monitor, enforce, and maintain your patent ensures it stays valuable to your business.

Avoid infringing other people's patents in the UK

Facing a patent infringement claim can be serious, potentially leading to legal action and financial penalties. If you're accused of patent infringement, take immediate steps to protect your business:

get legal advice - a patent attorney can assess your options

review the claim - check if your product genuinely infringes the patent

negotiate a settlement - you may agree on a licensing deal or financial compensation

challenge the patent - if it's invalid, you can dispute it

request an IPO opinion on validity or infringement

consider mediation to resolve disputes without court

if no resolution is found, prepare with your attorney for legal action

Ignoring an infringement claim can lead to court action, injunctions, or damages, so act quickly to protect your business.
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Resolving patent disputes in the UK

Understand your options for handling patent disputes, from mediation to legal action, and how to prove patent ownership.
Patent disputes can be costly and time-consuming, but many can be resolved without going to court. Disputes typically arise in areas such as:

patent infringement

patent validity

licensing

patent ownership and entitlement

opposition to patent applications

breach of confidentiality or trade secrets

post-grant patent amendments

To help businesses navigate these issues, the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) offers several alternative dispute resolution options. These can often resolve conflicts more quickly and at a lower cost than litigation.

IPO patent hearings

If a patent dispute arises, the IPO can hold a formal hearing to assess the issue. This can relate to patent applications or existing patents. There are two types of IPO patent hearings:

Ex Parte hearings - if you disagree with an IPO decision on your patent (eg a rejected application), you can challenge it in a hearing

Inter Partes hearings - if another party disputes your patent rights (eg infringement or ownership claims), the IPO will hear both sides before making a ruling

These hearings provide a structured way to settle disputes without going to court. Find out more about the IPO patent hearings.

IPO patent opinions

For disputes about infringement or validity, you can request an IPO opinion. This is a neutral, expert assessment by a senior examiner to decide:

if a specific product or process infringes a patent

if a patent is valid based on existing laws

While not legally binding, an IPO opinion can provide clarity and help businesses avoid unnecessary legal battles. It is often used as a basis for negotiation or settlement. Find out more about IPO patent opinions.

IPO mediation services

Mediation allows businesses to settle disputes privately and amicably, with the help of a neutral mediator. The IPO offers mediation services for disputes involving:

patent infringement claims

disagreements over licensing terms

ownership disputes between co-inventors or businesses

Mediation is faster, cheaper, and more flexible than litigation and can help maintain business relationships. Read about IPO mediation.

Proving patent ownership

If someone challenges your right to a patent, you may need official documentation to prove ownership. The IPO can issue copies of your patent records, which you can use as evidence in disputes, licensing negotiations, or legal proceedings.

When patent litigation is necessary

Litigation should only be a last resort due to its expense and complexity. However, it can provide a binding outcome and significant damages if successful. Find out how litigation fits into your enforcement strategy.
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Securing your patent rights in other countries

Understand international patent protection, from PCT applications to regional systems and enforcement strategies.
UK patents only protect your invention domestically. If you operate internationally, securing patents in key markets prevents competitors from legally copying, selling, or using your invention abroad.

There are three main routes for getting international patent protection.

Direct national applications

You can file separate patent applications directly in each country where you wish to seek protection. This allows customisation for national laws but translation requirements and varying legal standards can be costly and complex to manage.

Using the regional patent systems

Some regions offer centralised patent applications, simplifying the process and reducing costs. For example, Africa has two regional patent offices, African Regional Intellectual Property Organization and the African Intellectual Property Organization, offering patent protection across many Sub-Saharan African countries. Eurasian Patent Organisation covers several Eurasian states.

The European Patent Office can grant patents for some or all of the contracting states to the European Patent Convention. The UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) acts as a receiving office for European patent applications filed by UK applicants.

While regional patents streamline filings, final validation and enforcement happen at the national level, meaning disputes must be handled separately in each country.

Using the Patent Cooperation Treaty

The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization, allows a single international application to cover multiple countries, delaying national filings while keeping your priority date (first filing date). The UK IPO serves as a receiving office for PCT applications.

The PCT process has two phases:

international phase - the application undergoes a global search and may include an optional patentability review

national phase - countries you chose to file in review your application and decide whether to grant a patent

Once granted in the individual contracting states, the patent will provide protection in the same way as a national patent and will be subject to national law.

The PCT simplifies the process, giving businesses time to assess market potential before committing to national filings. However, there is no global patent - each country makes its own decision. The system is complex and, while guidance for private applicants is available, seeking advice from a patent attorney is strongly recommended.

Extension of UK intellectual property rights abroad

Some countries may allow you to extend your UK IP protection and accept it as protected in that country after completing local formalities. Find country-by-country guidance from IPO.

International patent strategy and enforcement

Before filing internationally, identify key markets where you plan to sell, manufacture, or license your invention. Filing everywhere is expensive, so choose wisely. In some cases, trade secrets may be a better option if the invention is difficult to reverse-engineer.
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Common patent mistakes to avoid

dcomisso — Fri, 31 Jan 2025 11:39:02 +0000

Common patent mistakes to avoid dcomisso Fri, 31/01/2025 - 11:39

Patents explained: How to protect your idea

In this guide:

What is a patent and how does it work?

Understand how patents work to protect your inventions, secure exclusive rights, and 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ your business growth.
A patent is a legal right that protects your invention, giving you exclusive control over how you use it. In the UK, a patent can last up to 20 years from the filing date, provided you pay the annual renewal fees.

Understanding patent rights

A patent can:

prevent others from using, making, selling, or importing your invention without permission

allow you to license your invention to others, earning royalties

provide legal protection, which can help attract investors

These rights are time-bound and territorial, meaning they apply only in the country (or countries) where the patent is granted.

What can be patented in the UK?

To qualify for a patent, your invention must satisfy UK patent application guidelines. It must be:

new - it can't have been made public before

inventive - it must involve more than just an obvious improvement

industrially applicable - it must be usable in a specific industry

Examples include novel products, industrial processes, or equipment that solves a specific problem. Check if you can patent an idea or a product.

Limitations of patents

Patents are not automatic rights. You must apply for them, and you will only receive them if your invention meets strict eligibility criteria. Things like artistic works, discoveries, or methods of doing business are not eligible.

Patents can also be costly to obtain and maintain. Read about the advantages and disadvantages of patents to understand the potential costs and benefits.

Keep in mind also that, as territorial rights, UK-registered patents protect your invention only within the UK. If you need protection abroad, explore international patent options.
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Can you patent your idea or product?

Use this checklist to check what can and can’t be patented, and if your idea qualifies for patent protection.
Not all ideas qualify for patents. Here's what you need to know to decide if your invention is eligible for patent registration in the UK.

Patent eligibility checklist

Run through this checklist to see if your invention qualifies for a patent:

Is your invention new?

Your invention must remain confidential before you apply. Public disclosure may prevent eligibility. For example, if you have published information about your invention online, showcased it at trade fairs, or used it publicly, it may no longer be eligible.

Is your invention inventive?

It must involve an inventive step that isn't obvious to someone skilled in the relevant field. For example, it must be a novel solution to a technical problem.

Is your invention industrially applicable?

It must be usable in some form of industry, for example agriculture. This could include a manufacturing process, a novel machine, or a new packaging feature.

What cannot be patented

Certain inventions are excluded. For example, you cannot patent:

scientific theories or mathematical methods

artistic works, such as music or literature

methods of medical treatment or diagnosis

rules for games, business methods, or presentation of information

Remember, you can't patent anything that isn't new, so always search for existing patents first to check if your idea has already been claimed. If a patent isn't suitable, other types of intellectual property, like trade marks or copyrights, might be a better fit.

Ownership considerations in UK patent application process

To qualify for a patent, you must be the legal owner of the invention. If you created your invention while working for an employer, they may own the rights. Check your employment contract or seek legal advice if in doubt.

To maintain the confidentiality of your invention, use non-disclosure agreements when discussing it with others.
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How to search for existing patents

Find out why patent searches matter, how to search for patents, and what to check to confirm your idea’s originality.
Before applying for a patent, you should check if your invention is truly original by conducting a patent search. This helps confirm that no one else has already patented a similar idea.

Why patent searches matter

A patent search will help you:

avoid infringement - ensure you're not copying someone else's patent

save money - avoid the cost of applying for something already patented

strengthen your application - prove your invention's novelty

Before searching, take time to understand what patents are and how they work to ensure they are right for your invention.

How to conduct a patent search in the UK

Several steps are involved:

Search online databases and use the UK patent search tool

When searching for existing patents, start with online databases to verify that your invention is new and hasn't already been patented. Useful resources include:

UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) search tool - for UK patents

Espacenet - for European and international patents

Patentscope - for global searches and applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)

You can also check the IPO's Patents Journal, which lists new filings and changes to applications already in progress.

Look beyond patents

Looking beyond patents is critical to ensure your invention is both novel and commercially viable. While patent databases help identify existing patents, other resources provide insights into whether your idea or technology is already in use, even if it hasn't been patented. Check trade publications, industry forums, product catalogues, research papers and technical reports.

Get professional help

For complex cases, consider professional patent search services or consult a patent attorney to access more advanced tools and expertise. In Northern Ireland, businesses can intellectual property advice from Invest Northern Ireland.

What to look for when carrying out a patent search

When carrying out a patent search, look for inventions similar to yours and review their claims to check if your idea is sufficiently different.

A thorough patent search not only ensures your invention is new, but also helps you avoid infringement and the potential consequences of breaching patent enforcement laws. It also allows you to identify competitors, understand the market for your invention, and ensure that you have the freedom to operate without legal risks.
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Step-by-step guide to applying for a UK patent

Understand the UK patent application process and follow simple steps to prepare and file a patent application for your invention.
Applying for a patent may seem complex but breaking the patent application process into clear steps makes it manageable. Here's how you apply for a patent in the UK.

Step 1: Prepare your UK patent application

Your application must include:

a detailed description of your invention

any drawings necessary to illustrate your invention

claims that define the scope of the protection sought

an abstract summarising the invention

Prototypes can 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ your application but are not a substitute for proper documentation.

Patent specifications are legal documents and can be complex. For the best chance of success, consider working with a patent attorney or adviser. The UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) has patent factsheets to assist you with your patent application.

Step 2: File your UK patent application

Submit your application to the IPO online or by post. If you apply online, the initial application fee is £60 if paid at the time of filing. If you pay later, the fee increases to £75. The fees are higher if you apply by post. Learn more about patent fees from the IPO.

You must file your application before making your invention public. Disclosing your invention too soon could disqualify you from patent protection.

Step 3: Request a patent search

You must request a search from the IPO within 12 months of your filing date to confirm that your invention is new and inventive. The search fee starts from £150, and you'll typically receive the search report within six months.

Step 4: Publication and patent examination process

If your application is complete, the IPO will publish it - usually 18 months after your filing date - making the details of your invention public. At this stage, you may want to mark your invention as ‘patent pending' to deter potential infringers.

You must request a substantive examination within six months of publication, and pay the associated fee. During the patent examination process, the IPO will assess whether your invention is new, inventive, and meets other patentability criteria. You may need to respond to feedback or provide additional information during this process.

Step 5: Decision on your patent application

If successful, your patent will be granted. You'll receive exclusive rights to your invention for up to 20 years, provided you renew it annually. Renewal fees start after the fourth year and increase over time.

Patent costs and other considerations

The cost of filing a UK patent varies based on its complexity and any professional fees incurred. It will cost at least £310 if you complete the process unassisted. The full process can take several years to complete, although the IPO has different accelerated procedures in place to speed up patent application processing.

Download the IPO's patent grant timeline for an overview of the UK patent process (PDF, 44KB).

Once granted, you must enforce your rights if others infringe on it. This may involve legal action, which can be costly.

If you plan to sell or use your invention abroad, you'll need to apply for patents in other countries. Systems like the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) can streamline this process.
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How to mark patented products

Understand patent marking, how to label patented products, and use ‘patent pending’ to deter infringement and protect rights.
In the UK, while not legally required, marking your patented products can serve as public notice of your rights. This practice can deter potential infringers and may assist in claiming damages in infringement cases. Be careful, though, as incorrect marking can lead to legal risks, so always ensure your labels are accurate and up-to-date.

What is patent marking?

Patent marking involves labelling your product or its packaging with information about the patent covering it. Proper marking notifies the public that your invention is protected by a patent and may help you recover damages if your rights are infringed.

How to label your patented product

When marking your UK patented product, include the word 'patent' or 'patented', followed by either the relevant patent number or an internet link to a web address where details of the patent can be found. This is known as webmarking.

Webmarking has been permitted since 1 October 2014. The web page should clearly link the product to its relevant patent details. QR (quick response) codes can supplement, but not replace, webmarking. While QR codes are machine-readable, they do not provide direct notice to the public. It's common practice to combine a QR code with a textual web address to ensure accessibility.

Marking with 'patent pending' label

If your UK patent is still under application, you can mark the product as 'patent pending' or 'patent applied for'. It's important to note, however, that this does not - in itself - provide legal protection. It simply indicates that you are seeking protection for your invention and may act as a deterrent for potential violations while the patent application is in progress.

Patent marking for international sales

If you sell your product worldwide, you may need to adapt the markings to comply with local regulations in each country. If you are not sure what country-specific rules may apply, consult an intellectual property adviser to ensure compliance.

Risks of false patent marking

False marking occurs when a product is incorrectly labelled as patented. Failure to mark products correctly can lead to legal claims and/or substantial penalties. You must not:

mark a product as patented if no valid patent exists

use outdated patent numbers for expired or rejected patents

mislead by implying a patent covers something it does not

To avoid the risks associated with failure to mark products correctly, keep your markings accurate, updated, and reflecting any changes to the patent's status. Read more on unauthorised claim of patent rights.
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Advantages and disadvantages of getting a patent

Understand the benefits and limitations of patents, and if applying for a patent is the right step for your business.
Before deciding to patent your invention, you should weigh the potential benefits against the challenges. Understanding both can help you decide if a patent is the right choice for your business.

Advantages of patents for protecting your invention

Getting a patent offers several benefits that can help protect and grow your business:

exclusive rights - you can stop competitors from copying your invention

revenue opportunities - you can license your patent to earn royalties

competitive advantage - you can boost your credibility, attract investors and show innovation in your field

Additionally, you can sell your patent outright, creating new ways to monetise your ideas.

Disadvantages to consider before getting a patent

Patents have drawbacks you should consider:

costs - application fees, attorney costs, and renewals can be expensive

time - the process can take years, and markets may change in the meantime

public disclosure - you must share technical details of your invention, which could give competitors insights into your ideas

If someone infringes on your patent, enforcing your rights will be your responsibility, which may involve costly and time-consuming legal action. Before deciding to patent your invention, weigh all of these challenges carefully.

Is a UK patent worth it?

It depends on your invention, business goals, and budget. A UK patent provides legal protection, granting you exclusive rights to your invention for up to 20 years. However, the application process can be time-consuming and costly. Sometimes, keeping your invention confidential can offer better protection.

Trade secrets allow you to protect certain innovations without requiring public disclosure, helping you avoid the complexity and expense of patenting. Additionally, non-disclosure agreements can legally ensure that those you share your idea with do not disclose or misuse it. Read more about trade secrets and non-disclosure agreements.
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Common patent mistakes to avoid

Avoid common patent errors like disclosing too soon, skipping a search, missing renewals, or failing to enforce your rights.

Even small mistakes during the patent process can lead to significant delays, unexpected costs, or the loss of your rights. Here are the most common pitfalls and how to avoid them.

Disclosing your idea publicly

Sharing your invention publicly - perhaps in a meeting, online, at a trade show, or through a product launch - before filing your patent application can make it ineligible for protection. This is because patents require the invention to be new at the time of application. Avoid this by keeping your invention confidential until you've filed, and using non-disclosure agreements when discussing your idea with potential partners or investors.

Skipping the patent search

Failing to check if your invention is already patented can lead to legal disputes, wasted time, and unnecessary expenses. To avoid this, carry out a thorough patent search to determine if your invention is truly novel, and avoid infringing on existing patents. Consulting a patent attorney can also help if you're unsure about the search process or results.

Neglecting patent renewals

Once your patent is granted, you must pay annual renewal fees to keep it active. Missing these payments will result in your patent lapsing, leaving your invention unprotected. To avoid this, set reminders for renewal deadlines, and review your patent portfolio regularly to decide whether to keep, sell, or license patents that may no longer align with your business strategy.

Overlooking enforcement

A granted patent does not automatically stop others from infringing on your rights. You need to actively monitor the market for potential violations. Ignoring this can result in others profiting from your invention without permission. To stay on top of things, monitor competitors and industry developments regularly to spot potential infringement. Take proactive steps, such as sending cease-and-desist letters or seeking legal advice, to enforce your rights if necessary.

Avoiding these mistakes and staying vigilant will help you protect your invention and maximise its value. If in doubt, seek advice from a patent attorney.

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Business 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for AI adoption in Northern Ireland

dcomisso — Mon, 16 Dec 2024 04:05:43 +0000

Business 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for AI adoption in Northern Ireland dcomisso Mon, 16/12/2024 - 04:05

Artificial intelligence in business

In this guide:

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

Introduction to artificial intelligence, its types, key technologies, and common applications of AI and ML in business.
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to machines or software that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence. These tasks include learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and understanding language. AI can make decisions, improve processes, and automate tasks to enhance business efficiency.

Types of artificial intelligence

There are two main types of AI:

Weak AI (applied AI) - Designed to perform specific tasks, this is the most common type of AI used in tools like chatbots, virtual assistants, and voice recognition software.

Strong AI (generalised AI) - Aims to perform any task that a human can, with the ability to think and reason flexibly. True strong AI does not yet exist, but research is ongoing.

What is machine learning?

Machine learning is a key part of AI that enables systems to learn from data and improve over time. Rather than being programmed with specific instructions, it uses patterns to make decisions and predictions. Businesses can use machine learning to:

recognise patterns in data (eg customer behaviour)

translate large volumes of text in real time

automate tasks like email sorting or data entry

predict outcomes, such as sales forecasts or market trends

personalise experiences, like recommending products to customers

Machine learning is also the foundation for generative AI, which uses learned patterns to create new content, such as text, images, and videos. For example, businesses can use generative AI to automatically generate marketing content or create personalised product designs based on customer preferences.

Key AI technologies

In addition to machine learning and generative AI, there are other key technologies driving AI innovation:

Natural language processing (NLP)

NLP helps machines understand, interpret, and generate human language. It's used in chatbots, virtual assistants, and automated translation tools.

Computer vision

This technology allows AI systems to ‘see’ and interpret visual information, enabling tasks like facial recognition, object detection, and image analysis.

Robotic Process Automation (RPA)

RPA uses AI to automate rule-based tasks across various business processes, such as data entry and report generation.

Deep learning

A subset of machine learning, deep learning uses neural networks to analyse large datasets, often for complex tasks like image and speech recognition.

How businesses use AI and machine learning?

Over the years, AI research has enabled many technological advances, including:

virtual agents and chatbots

suggestive web searches

targeted advertising

pattern recognition

predictive analytics

voice and speech recognition

face recognition

machine translation

autonomous driving

automatic scheduling

Many of these are now commonplace and provide solutions to business challenges and complex, real-world problems. Across various industries, specific applications exist in:

healthcare - AI is helping with diagnostics, personalised medicine, and patient management systems

finance - AI is used for fraud detection, risk management, algorithmic trading, and personalised financial advice

manufacturing - AI-powered robots and predictive maintenance tools optimise production processes and reduce downtime

retail - AI assists with inventory management, demand forecasting, and personalised shopping experiences

For more AI use cases, see examples of AI use in business and read about the business benefits of AI.
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Examples of artificial intelligence use in business

Discover common uses and applications of artificial intelligence in logistics, marketing, customer service and more.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere. From online shopping to virtual assistants, AI plays a major role in everyday life. It’s also transforming businesses, offering tools that boost efficiency, personalise experiences, and drive growth. Here are some common AI applications in business:

AI in business management

AI helps automate tasks and improve decision-making in business management. Some examples include:

spam filters and

email sorting

voice to text features

virtual assistants

automated customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ

tasks automation

sales forecasting

security surveillance

smart devices that learn user behaviour

automated insights for industries like finance and healthcare

AI in e-commerce

AI improves customer experiences and streamlines operations. Key uses include:

smart searches and results

personalised shopping experiences

product recommendations

purchase predictions

fraud detection for safer transactions

dynamic pricing for better revenue

AI in marketing

AI drives targeted marketing strategies by allowing you to effectively track user behaviour and automate many routine tasks. Examples include:

personalised content and recommendations

customised news feeds

image recognition for better ad performance

real-time ad targeting

customer segmentation

social media insights for brand monitoring

automated web design and content generation

AI in customer service

AI provides faster, smarter customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ while reducing workloads. Key uses include:

predictive customer service

chatbots for instant responses

sentiment analysis for customer interactions

multilingual 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for global audiences

language analysis for customer feedback

AI in logistics and supply chain

AI improves efficiency by automating and optimising logistics. Key applications include:

motoring infrastructure

route optimisation for faster deliveries

demand forecasting to manage stock effectively

warehouse automation for sorting, picking, and packing

inventory management to track stock levels and reduce waste

AI in manufacturing

AI is transforming manufacturing by improving efficiency and reducing downtime. Examples include:

predictive maintenance for equipment failures

AI-powered quality control

robotic process automation to increase output and efficiency

anomaly detection to identify potential disruption and prevent outage

AI in human resources

AI streamlines HR processes and enhances employee management. Common uses include:

automated resume screening

automated onboarding for new hires

employee engagement analysis

Future potential of AI in business

These are just a few ways AI is used in businesses today. Emerging technologies like generative AI are expanding possibilities, from content creation to advanced data analysis. With continued advancements in Industry 4.0, businesses can expect even greater opportunities for digital innovation.

Explore more business benefits of AI and, if you're ready to take the next step, get advice on how to implement AI effectively.
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Generative AI for business

Explore the potential of generative AI to drive efficiencies, improve operations, and transform your business.
Generative AI, or Gen AI, is a type of artificial intelligence that creates original content such as text, images, music, and code. It uses machine learning to analyse data and generate new outputs based on patterns it has learned. This powerful technology helps businesses automate tasks, personalise customer experiences, and boost growth by increasing efficiency and creativity.

Key applications of generative AI in business

Generative AI has many practical uses that can benefit businesses across industries.

Content creation

Generative AI automates content production, enabling businesses to create marketing copy, social media posts, product descriptions, and creative writing quickly and at scale. It can also generate high-quality images, music, and videos, simplifying content production.

Product and service personalisation

Generative AI analyses customer behaviour and preferences to deliver tailored product recommendations, personalised messages, and customised user interfaces. This enhances customer satisfaction and engagement.

Innovation and product design

Generative AI accelerates product design by enabling businesses to create and test prototypes faster. It can generate multiple design options or adapt designs to market trends, improving the chances of product success.

Enhanced interactive experiences

Generative AI enhances interactive experiences in gaming and virtual environments by allowing users to create custom levels, characters, and storylines, personalising the experience.

Data analysis and decision making

Generative AI uncovers trends and patterns in large datasets, improving decision-making. It also enhances accuracy in tasks like sentiment analysis, anomaly detection, and object recognition.

Predictive analytics

Generative AI provides forecasting for sales, finance, and inventory management, helping businesses plan better and prepare for future market conditions.

Operational efficiencies

Generative AI optimises everyday business processes, such as resume screening, interview scheduling, or customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ. It also streamlines project workflows by automating scheduling and resource allocation, saving time and improving productivity.

Benefits of generative AI for business

Generative AI offers a range of advantages for businesses, including:

cost savings - automates repetitive tasks, saving time and resources

faster innovation - speeds up time to market and boosts revenue

higher productivity - streamlines creative and operational processes

stronger customer engagement - builds loyalty and drives growth

improved decision-making - provides better insights through data analysis

Generative AI also gives businesses a competitive edge by enabling them to innovate, personalise, and scale operations. Early adopters can position themselves as leaders in their industries by harnessing this transformative technology. Read more about the wider business benefits of artificial intelligence.

Risks and challenges of generative AI in business

While generative AI has many benefits, businesses need to manage its risks responsibly. Here are some of the main concerns:

Reliability

AI-generated content may use data from unreliable or unverified sources, resulting in inaccurate or unauthorised outputs. This can create reputational and legal risks, especially if the content infringes intellectual property rights.

Ethical issues

Generative AI can reflect biases in the data it learns from, potentially producing discriminatory or unfair content. Regular monitoring is essential to ensure ethical use.

Quality control

AI outputs depend on the quality of the data it is trained on. Poor or irrelevant data can lead to content that fails to meet your business standards or align with your brand values.

Impact on jobs

AI automation may raise concerns about job displacement. To address this, businesses can use generative AI to enhance employee productivity and focus on tasks that require critical thinking and creativity.

Privacy and data security

Generative AI often relies on large datasets, including personal information. Businesses must safeguard data and comply with data protection regulations. Tools and frameworks, such as those from the Information Commissioner’s Office, can help manage privacy risks.

Responsible use of generative AI

Generative AI has transformative potential, but careful implementation is needed to ensure safe and ethical use. By putting proper safeguards in place, you can limit the risks of artificial intelligence in business.
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Business benefits of artificial intelligence

Find out why businesses adopt AI to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and drive revenue growth across industries.
As businesses look for ways to stay competitive, many are turning to artificial intelligence (AI) to improve operations and drive growth. Whether you're just starting with AI, expanding its use or mastering generative AI, the potential benefits are huge. Here's a look at how AI can help your business succeed.

The impact of AI on business

Implementing the right AI technology can have a transformative effect on your business. AI can help you:

increase productivity and operational efficiencies

save time and money by automating and optimising routine processes and tasks

make faster business decisions based on outputs from cognitive technologies

reduce 'human error', provided that AI systems are set up properly

personalise customer experience, predict preferences and tailor interactions

generate quality leads and grow your customer base

increase revenue by identifying and maximising sales opportunities

grow business knowledge through intelligent recommendations and analysis

Benefits of AI and humans working together

Research shows that AI works best when combined with human input. While AI excels at automating repetitive tasks, the greatest improvements come when AI and humans collaborate. Instead of replacing workers, AI can augment human abilities, allowing teams to focus on higher-level strategic decisions. This synergy between AI and human expertise drives better performance and innovation.

Why businesses adopt AI

The primary reason many businesses adopt AI is to gain a competitive edge. However, other drivers include:

Customer demand

Customers expect fast, tailored service. AI helps businesses meet these expectations by automating responses, personalising experiences, and predicting customer needs. This improves efficiency and enhances customer satisfaction.

Specific business or operational problems

AI can solve complex problems, such as automating tasks, improving supply chains, and analysing large amounts of data. It’s often used to address issues that are difficult to solve with traditional methods.

Test projects

Some businesses adopt AI to test its potential. These pilot projects allow companies to experiment with AI, understand its capabilities, and explore how it can improve operations and drive innovation.

Executive decision

In many cases, AI adoption is driven by company leadership looking for new ways to improve the business. Executives see AI as a way to innovate and achieve growth, leading to decisions that prioritise AI projects.

AI opportunities for business growth

Whatever the reason for adopting it, AI has the potential to transform how your business operates. All it takes to start is an open-minded approach and a willingness to try new things.

That said, AI is fast-evolving, and challenges can arise. To learn more about how AI is currently being applied across industries, check out examples of AI use in business, and to ensure smooth implementation, explore practical steps for AI implementation.
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Risks and limitations of artificial intelligence in business

Understand AI risks, data privacy concerns, implementation challenges, and ethical issues for businesses today.

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to grow, businesses are using it more to boost productivity, profits, and overall performance. However, while AI has many benefits, it also has limitations and risks that must be considered before adopting it.

Key challenges in implementing AI

Adopting AI in business isn't always straightforward, and there are several hurdles to overcome. Below are some of the key challenges businesses face:

Data quality and availability

One of the biggest challenges in AI adoption is poor-quality data. Often, data is fragmented, inconsistent, or outdated, making it hard for businesses to use AI effectively. To make AI work, businesses need a robust data management practices and a clear strategy for collecting and organising data before starting any AI projects.

Skills shortage

AI requires specialised skills that are in high demand. Many businesses struggle to find qualified data scientists, machine learning engineers, and other experts needed to develop and maintain AI systems. This skills gap can slow down AI adoption and drive up costs if businesses have to rely on outside consultants.

High costs

AI technology is expensive, especially for businesses without in-house expertise. Beyond the initial investment, there are ongoing costs for training, system maintenance, and software updates. These ongoing expenses can be a barrier for small and medium-sized businesses.

Integration with existing infrastructure

Outdated or incompatible infrastructure can impede the implementation of AI technologies. The system should be able to handle the processing demand of AI applications. This may involve upgrading hardware and software to create a suitable environment for integration.

System maintenance

AI systems are complex and require regular updates to stay effective. If something goes wrong, restoring an AI system can be time-consuming and costly. While these risks exist with all software, AI’s complexity can make the impact of system failures more severe.

Integration and usability

AI must integrate well with existing systems to be useful. If AI solutions are incompatible or employees don’t fully understand how to use them, adoption can be challenging. Businesses should ensure that AI tools work smoothly with other software and existing infrastructure, and that staff are properly trained.

Privacy and transparency concerns

AI systems often handle sensitive customer data, raising concerns about privacy and data security. Additionally, AI's decision-making processes can be hard to explain, which can complicate compliance with privacy regulations and make businesses less transparent.

The shift to Industry 4.0, along with the rise of generative AI, makes it more important than ever for businesses to stay ahead of these challenges and ensure that their AI systems are well-managed and secure.

Ethical implications of artificial intelligence

As AI develops rapidly, it raises several important ethical questions for businesses:

Job displacement

Automation powered by AI can replace human jobs, particularly in industries where tasks can be done more efficiently by machines. Businesses must find ways to retrain or redeploy workers who may be affected by AI.

Algorithmic bias

AI systems can reflect the biases found in the data they are trained on. If the data is biased, AI systems may produce unfair results. Businesses must regularly review their AI models to ensure they are fair, transparent, and free from bias.

Security risks

AI systems, especially those in areas like autonomous vehicles and weapons, can create security risks. If AI systems are hacked or malfunction, they could cause serious harm. Businesses must invest in strong security measures to protect their AI systems.

Unintended consequences

As AI systems learn and evolve, they can behave in unexpected ways. These ‘unintended consequences’ can be difficult to predict and might lead to problems that were not foreseen when the system was created. Businesses must monitor AI systems closely to prevent this.

Navigating the challenges of AI adoption

Despite its risks, AI has significant potential to improve business performance. Businesses should address these risks head-on to make AI adoption smoother. With the right strategies in place, AI can be a powerful tool for growth. See practical steps for AI implementation.

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Practical steps for implementing AI in business

Discover how to implement AI in your business, with steps for planning, execution, and scaling of AI systems.

Implementing artificial intelligence (AI) can transform your business, but it requires careful planning. Follow these steps to integrate AI effectively.

Start small

Begin with small AI projects, like automating customer inquiries or simplifying data entry. Use these pilot projects to learn and refine your approach before scaling AI across the business.

Identify business needs and objectives

AI potentially has countless applications in business, but it's important to approach it strategically. Review your operations to identify pain points and areas where AI can best address challenges or inefficiencies. Set clear goals that align with your priorities, such as improving customer service or automating tasks.

Assess AI readiness

Evaluate your infrastructure, technology and workforce capabilities. You may need to upgrade systems, improve data management, or train staff to 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ AI adoption. Ensure your data is accurate and easily accessible, as high-quality data is crucial for AI success. Be aware of common challenges, such as with skill shortages, integration and privacy concerns.

Choose the right AI solutions

Select affordable and scalable AI tools that meet your needs. Consider automation software, customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ tools, or other solutions. If necessary, consult AI experts for guidance. Decide if you should build a custom solution for flexibility or buy third-party tools for faster, cost-effective implementation.

Invest in training

Train your staff to use AI tools effectively and understand their impact. Offer courses, workshops, or mentorship and 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ ongoing learning to keep your team up to date with evolving AI technologies.

Assess costs and benefits

Evaluate the financial costs of AI adoption, including initial investment and long-term returns. Compare the benefits of increased productivity and cost savings against infrastructure and training costs. Check if you are eligible to get 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for AI adoption in Northern Ireland.

Develop an implementation plan

Create a clear plan with timelines, resources, and responsibilities for AI implementation. Ensure communication across teams for smooth execution and collaboration.

Implement AI systems

Deploy AI tools in the relevant areas of your business. Ensure smooth integration with existing systems and address any technical issues promptly.

Monitor performance and adjust strategy

Track the performance of AI using key performance indicators (KPIs). Monitor for any errors, inefficiencies, or unintended consequences, and adjust the systems as necessary based on feedback, emerging trends, and evolving business needs.

Stay informed on regulations

Keep up to date with AI regulations to ensure your practices remain compliant with legal and ethical standards.

Scale AI across the business

Once you successfully implement AI in one area, scale it to other parts of the business. Ensure your infrastructure, data and staff are ready to 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ this expansion.

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Business 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for AI adoption in Northern Ireland

Get help with implementing AI projects in Northern Ireland through funding, training, and expert guidance for businesses.

Businesses in Northern Ireland can access a range of resources to 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ their artificial intelligence (AI) projects, including funding, expert guidance, and training. Here are some key options.

Artificial Intelligence Collaboration Centre (AICC)

A £16.3 million initiative by Ulster University and Queen's University Belfast, the AICC offers fully funded consultancy, AI expertise, and training to accelerate AI adoption. Read more about AICC's 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ.

Digital Transformation Flexible Fund (DTFF)

This fund 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶs small and micro businesses in Northern Ireland to invest in advanced digital technologies, including AI. Grants range from £5,000 to £20,000, covering up to 70% of project costs. The next funding rounds opens in March 2025. Pre-briefing sessions start in February – find out more and register now.

Hartree Centre, Northern Ireland Hub

Part of the Hartree National Centre for Digital Innovation, this hub provides businesses with fully funded access to AI tools, computing resources, and technical 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ to improve productivity. It helps businesses adopt AI to drive innovation and competitiveness. Get in touch with the Hartree Centre NI Hub.

Invest Northern Ireland

Invest NI offers a range of funding, guidance, and 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ services to businesses in Northern Ireland looking to innovate. This includes helping companies across industries develop digitalisations strategies and adopt AI tools to boost productivity and competitiveness. Read about Invest NI's 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for business.

Go Succeed NI

Go Succeed NI runs regular events covering a range of relevant topics to help businesses in Northern Ireland navigate digital transformation, including AI adoption. These events are designed to provide insights, practical advice, and expert guidance on emerging technologies and industry trends. They offer valuable learning opportunities for businesses looking to stay competitive and innovative in a fast-changing environment. Check the latest schedule of Go Succeed NI business events.

Innovate UK BridgeAI

BridgeAI connects businesses to AI experts and resources at all stages of their AI journey. It offers tailored 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ, including scientific expertise, AI resources, and upskilling opportunities to ensure successful AI adoption. Explore current BridgeAI opportunities.

Digital Catapult

Digital Catapult helps businesses adopt AI responsibly by providing access to computing power, hardware, expertise, and mentoring. It also offers a tailored AI adoption toolkit with four assessments to benchmark your digital transformation, data readiness, and AI deployment.

Additional 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ

There are various other sources of 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ available depending on your business needs. For example, local councils in Northern Ireland may run targeted programmes and events focusing on digital skills and innovation. Support may also be available from Local Enterprise Agencies, as well as industry-specific bodies such as Tourism Northern Ireland, Screen Northern Ireland or Manufacturing NI.

Check our Business Support Finder and Events Finder regularly for the latest opportunities.

If you're seeking 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for broader research and development activity, explore a list of UK wide options and R&D grants available in Northern Ireland.

Actions

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Practical steps for implementing AI in business

dcomisso — Mon, 16 Dec 2024 03:57:58 +0000

Practical steps for implementing AI in business dcomisso Mon, 16/12/2024 - 03:57

Artificial intelligence in business

In this guide:

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

Introduction to artificial intelligence, its types, key technologies, and common applications of AI and ML in business.
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to machines or software that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence. These tasks include learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and understanding language. AI can make decisions, improve processes, and automate tasks to enhance business efficiency.

Types of artificial intelligence

There are two main types of AI:

Weak AI (applied AI) - Designed to perform specific tasks, this is the most common type of AI used in tools like chatbots, virtual assistants, and voice recognition software.

Strong AI (generalised AI) - Aims to perform any task that a human can, with the ability to think and reason flexibly. True strong AI does not yet exist, but research is ongoing.

What is machine learning?

Machine learning is a key part of AI that enables systems to learn from data and improve over time. Rather than being programmed with specific instructions, it uses patterns to make decisions and predictions. Businesses can use machine learning to:

recognise patterns in data (eg customer behaviour)

translate large volumes of text in real time

automate tasks like email sorting or data entry

predict outcomes, such as sales forecasts or market trends

personalise experiences, like recommending products to customers

Machine learning is also the foundation for generative AI, which uses learned patterns to create new content, such as text, images, and videos. For example, businesses can use generative AI to automatically generate marketing content or create personalised product designs based on customer preferences.

Key AI technologies

In addition to machine learning and generative AI, there are other key technologies driving AI innovation:

Natural language processing (NLP)

NLP helps machines understand, interpret, and generate human language. It's used in chatbots, virtual assistants, and automated translation tools.

Computer vision

This technology allows AI systems to ‘see’ and interpret visual information, enabling tasks like facial recognition, object detection, and image analysis.

Robotic Process Automation (RPA)

RPA uses AI to automate rule-based tasks across various business processes, such as data entry and report generation.

Deep learning

A subset of machine learning, deep learning uses neural networks to analyse large datasets, often for complex tasks like image and speech recognition.

How businesses use AI and machine learning?

Over the years, AI research has enabled many technological advances, including:

virtual agents and chatbots

suggestive web searches

targeted advertising

pattern recognition

predictive analytics

voice and speech recognition

face recognition

machine translation

autonomous driving

automatic scheduling

Many of these are now commonplace and provide solutions to business challenges and complex, real-world problems. Across various industries, specific applications exist in:

healthcare - AI is helping with diagnostics, personalised medicine, and patient management systems

finance - AI is used for fraud detection, risk management, algorithmic trading, and personalised financial advice

manufacturing - AI-powered robots and predictive maintenance tools optimise production processes and reduce downtime

retail - AI assists with inventory management, demand forecasting, and personalised shopping experiences

For more AI use cases, see examples of AI use in business and read about the business benefits of AI.
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Examples of artificial intelligence use in business

Discover common uses and applications of artificial intelligence in logistics, marketing, customer service and more.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere. From online shopping to virtual assistants, AI plays a major role in everyday life. It’s also transforming businesses, offering tools that boost efficiency, personalise experiences, and drive growth. Here are some common AI applications in business:

AI in business management

AI helps automate tasks and improve decision-making in business management. Some examples include:

spam filters and

email sorting

voice to text features

virtual assistants

automated customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ

tasks automation

sales forecasting

security surveillance

smart devices that learn user behaviour

automated insights for industries like finance and healthcare

AI in e-commerce

AI improves customer experiences and streamlines operations. Key uses include:

smart searches and results

personalised shopping experiences

product recommendations

purchase predictions

fraud detection for safer transactions

dynamic pricing for better revenue

AI in marketing

AI drives targeted marketing strategies by allowing you to effectively track user behaviour and automate many routine tasks. Examples include:

personalised content and recommendations

customised news feeds

image recognition for better ad performance

real-time ad targeting

customer segmentation

social media insights for brand monitoring

automated web design and content generation

AI in customer service

AI provides faster, smarter customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ while reducing workloads. Key uses include:

predictive customer service

chatbots for instant responses

sentiment analysis for customer interactions

multilingual 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for global audiences

language analysis for customer feedback

AI in logistics and supply chain

AI improves efficiency by automating and optimising logistics. Key applications include:

motoring infrastructure

route optimisation for faster deliveries

demand forecasting to manage stock effectively

warehouse automation for sorting, picking, and packing

inventory management to track stock levels and reduce waste

AI in manufacturing

AI is transforming manufacturing by improving efficiency and reducing downtime. Examples include:

predictive maintenance for equipment failures

AI-powered quality control

robotic process automation to increase output and efficiency

anomaly detection to identify potential disruption and prevent outage

AI in human resources

AI streamlines HR processes and enhances employee management. Common uses include:

automated resume screening

automated onboarding for new hires

employee engagement analysis

Future potential of AI in business

These are just a few ways AI is used in businesses today. Emerging technologies like generative AI are expanding possibilities, from content creation to advanced data analysis. With continued advancements in Industry 4.0, businesses can expect even greater opportunities for digital innovation.

Explore more business benefits of AI and, if you're ready to take the next step, get advice on how to implement AI effectively.
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Generative AI for business

Explore the potential of generative AI to drive efficiencies, improve operations, and transform your business.
Generative AI, or Gen AI, is a type of artificial intelligence that creates original content such as text, images, music, and code. It uses machine learning to analyse data and generate new outputs based on patterns it has learned. This powerful technology helps businesses automate tasks, personalise customer experiences, and boost growth by increasing efficiency and creativity.

Key applications of generative AI in business

Generative AI has many practical uses that can benefit businesses across industries.

Content creation

Generative AI automates content production, enabling businesses to create marketing copy, social media posts, product descriptions, and creative writing quickly and at scale. It can also generate high-quality images, music, and videos, simplifying content production.

Product and service personalisation

Generative AI analyses customer behaviour and preferences to deliver tailored product recommendations, personalised messages, and customised user interfaces. This enhances customer satisfaction and engagement.

Innovation and product design

Generative AI accelerates product design by enabling businesses to create and test prototypes faster. It can generate multiple design options or adapt designs to market trends, improving the chances of product success.

Enhanced interactive experiences

Generative AI enhances interactive experiences in gaming and virtual environments by allowing users to create custom levels, characters, and storylines, personalising the experience.

Data analysis and decision making

Generative AI uncovers trends and patterns in large datasets, improving decision-making. It also enhances accuracy in tasks like sentiment analysis, anomaly detection, and object recognition.

Predictive analytics

Generative AI provides forecasting for sales, finance, and inventory management, helping businesses plan better and prepare for future market conditions.

Operational efficiencies

Generative AI optimises everyday business processes, such as resume screening, interview scheduling, or customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ. It also streamlines project workflows by automating scheduling and resource allocation, saving time and improving productivity.

Benefits of generative AI for business

Generative AI offers a range of advantages for businesses, including:

cost savings - automates repetitive tasks, saving time and resources

faster innovation - speeds up time to market and boosts revenue

higher productivity - streamlines creative and operational processes

stronger customer engagement - builds loyalty and drives growth

improved decision-making - provides better insights through data analysis

Generative AI also gives businesses a competitive edge by enabling them to innovate, personalise, and scale operations. Early adopters can position themselves as leaders in their industries by harnessing this transformative technology. Read more about the wider business benefits of artificial intelligence.

Risks and challenges of generative AI in business

While generative AI has many benefits, businesses need to manage its risks responsibly. Here are some of the main concerns:

Reliability

AI-generated content may use data from unreliable or unverified sources, resulting in inaccurate or unauthorised outputs. This can create reputational and legal risks, especially if the content infringes intellectual property rights.

Ethical issues

Generative AI can reflect biases in the data it learns from, potentially producing discriminatory or unfair content. Regular monitoring is essential to ensure ethical use.

Quality control

AI outputs depend on the quality of the data it is trained on. Poor or irrelevant data can lead to content that fails to meet your business standards or align with your brand values.

Impact on jobs

AI automation may raise concerns about job displacement. To address this, businesses can use generative AI to enhance employee productivity and focus on tasks that require critical thinking and creativity.

Privacy and data security

Generative AI often relies on large datasets, including personal information. Businesses must safeguard data and comply with data protection regulations. Tools and frameworks, such as those from the Information Commissioner’s Office, can help manage privacy risks.

Responsible use of generative AI

Generative AI has transformative potential, but careful implementation is needed to ensure safe and ethical use. By putting proper safeguards in place, you can limit the risks of artificial intelligence in business.
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Business benefits of artificial intelligence

Find out why businesses adopt AI to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and drive revenue growth across industries.
As businesses look for ways to stay competitive, many are turning to artificial intelligence (AI) to improve operations and drive growth. Whether you're just starting with AI, expanding its use or mastering generative AI, the potential benefits are huge. Here's a look at how AI can help your business succeed.

The impact of AI on business

Implementing the right AI technology can have a transformative effect on your business. AI can help you:

increase productivity and operational efficiencies

save time and money by automating and optimising routine processes and tasks

make faster business decisions based on outputs from cognitive technologies

reduce 'human error', provided that AI systems are set up properly

personalise customer experience, predict preferences and tailor interactions

generate quality leads and grow your customer base

increase revenue by identifying and maximising sales opportunities

grow business knowledge through intelligent recommendations and analysis

Benefits of AI and humans working together

Research shows that AI works best when combined with human input. While AI excels at automating repetitive tasks, the greatest improvements come when AI and humans collaborate. Instead of replacing workers, AI can augment human abilities, allowing teams to focus on higher-level strategic decisions. This synergy between AI and human expertise drives better performance and innovation.

Why businesses adopt AI

The primary reason many businesses adopt AI is to gain a competitive edge. However, other drivers include:

Customer demand

Customers expect fast, tailored service. AI helps businesses meet these expectations by automating responses, personalising experiences, and predicting customer needs. This improves efficiency and enhances customer satisfaction.

Specific business or operational problems

AI can solve complex problems, such as automating tasks, improving supply chains, and analysing large amounts of data. It’s often used to address issues that are difficult to solve with traditional methods.

Test projects

Some businesses adopt AI to test its potential. These pilot projects allow companies to experiment with AI, understand its capabilities, and explore how it can improve operations and drive innovation.

Executive decision

In many cases, AI adoption is driven by company leadership looking for new ways to improve the business. Executives see AI as a way to innovate and achieve growth, leading to decisions that prioritise AI projects.

AI opportunities for business growth

Whatever the reason for adopting it, AI has the potential to transform how your business operates. All it takes to start is an open-minded approach and a willingness to try new things.

That said, AI is fast-evolving, and challenges can arise. To learn more about how AI is currently being applied across industries, check out examples of AI use in business, and to ensure smooth implementation, explore practical steps for AI implementation.
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Risks and limitations of artificial intelligence in business

Understand AI risks, data privacy concerns, implementation challenges, and ethical issues for businesses today.

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to grow, businesses are using it more to boost productivity, profits, and overall performance. However, while AI has many benefits, it also has limitations and risks that must be considered before adopting it.

Key challenges in implementing AI

Adopting AI in business isn't always straightforward, and there are several hurdles to overcome. Below are some of the key challenges businesses face:

Data quality and availability

One of the biggest challenges in AI adoption is poor-quality data. Often, data is fragmented, inconsistent, or outdated, making it hard for businesses to use AI effectively. To make AI work, businesses need a robust data management practices and a clear strategy for collecting and organising data before starting any AI projects.

Skills shortage

AI requires specialised skills that are in high demand. Many businesses struggle to find qualified data scientists, machine learning engineers, and other experts needed to develop and maintain AI systems. This skills gap can slow down AI adoption and drive up costs if businesses have to rely on outside consultants.

High costs

AI technology is expensive, especially for businesses without in-house expertise. Beyond the initial investment, there are ongoing costs for training, system maintenance, and software updates. These ongoing expenses can be a barrier for small and medium-sized businesses.

Integration with existing infrastructure

Outdated or incompatible infrastructure can impede the implementation of AI technologies. The system should be able to handle the processing demand of AI applications. This may involve upgrading hardware and software to create a suitable environment for integration.

System maintenance

AI systems are complex and require regular updates to stay effective. If something goes wrong, restoring an AI system can be time-consuming and costly. While these risks exist with all software, AI’s complexity can make the impact of system failures more severe.

Integration and usability

AI must integrate well with existing systems to be useful. If AI solutions are incompatible or employees don’t fully understand how to use them, adoption can be challenging. Businesses should ensure that AI tools work smoothly with other software and existing infrastructure, and that staff are properly trained.

Privacy and transparency concerns

AI systems often handle sensitive customer data, raising concerns about privacy and data security. Additionally, AI's decision-making processes can be hard to explain, which can complicate compliance with privacy regulations and make businesses less transparent.

The shift to Industry 4.0, along with the rise of generative AI, makes it more important than ever for businesses to stay ahead of these challenges and ensure that their AI systems are well-managed and secure.

Ethical implications of artificial intelligence

As AI develops rapidly, it raises several important ethical questions for businesses:

Job displacement

Automation powered by AI can replace human jobs, particularly in industries where tasks can be done more efficiently by machines. Businesses must find ways to retrain or redeploy workers who may be affected by AI.

Algorithmic bias

AI systems can reflect the biases found in the data they are trained on. If the data is biased, AI systems may produce unfair results. Businesses must regularly review their AI models to ensure they are fair, transparent, and free from bias.

Security risks

AI systems, especially those in areas like autonomous vehicles and weapons, can create security risks. If AI systems are hacked or malfunction, they could cause serious harm. Businesses must invest in strong security measures to protect their AI systems.

Unintended consequences

As AI systems learn and evolve, they can behave in unexpected ways. These ‘unintended consequences’ can be difficult to predict and might lead to problems that were not foreseen when the system was created. Businesses must monitor AI systems closely to prevent this.

Navigating the challenges of AI adoption

Despite its risks, AI has significant potential to improve business performance. Businesses should address these risks head-on to make AI adoption smoother. With the right strategies in place, AI can be a powerful tool for growth. See practical steps for AI implementation.

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Practical steps for implementing AI in business

Discover how to implement AI in your business, with steps for planning, execution, and scaling of AI systems.

Implementing artificial intelligence (AI) can transform your business, but it requires careful planning. Follow these steps to integrate AI effectively.

Start small

Begin with small AI projects, like automating customer inquiries or simplifying data entry. Use these pilot projects to learn and refine your approach before scaling AI across the business.

Identify business needs and objectives

AI potentially has countless applications in business, but it's important to approach it strategically. Review your operations to identify pain points and areas where AI can best address challenges or inefficiencies. Set clear goals that align with your priorities, such as improving customer service or automating tasks.

Assess AI readiness

Evaluate your infrastructure, technology and workforce capabilities. You may need to upgrade systems, improve data management, or train staff to 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ AI adoption. Ensure your data is accurate and easily accessible, as high-quality data is crucial for AI success. Be aware of common challenges, such as with skill shortages, integration and privacy concerns.

Choose the right AI solutions

Select affordable and scalable AI tools that meet your needs. Consider automation software, customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ tools, or other solutions. If necessary, consult AI experts for guidance. Decide if you should build a custom solution for flexibility or buy third-party tools for faster, cost-effective implementation.

Invest in training

Train your staff to use AI tools effectively and understand their impact. Offer courses, workshops, or mentorship and 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ ongoing learning to keep your team up to date with evolving AI technologies.

Assess costs and benefits

Evaluate the financial costs of AI adoption, including initial investment and long-term returns. Compare the benefits of increased productivity and cost savings against infrastructure and training costs. Check if you are eligible to get 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for AI adoption in Northern Ireland.

Develop an implementation plan

Create a clear plan with timelines, resources, and responsibilities for AI implementation. Ensure communication across teams for smooth execution and collaboration.

Implement AI systems

Deploy AI tools in the relevant areas of your business. Ensure smooth integration with existing systems and address any technical issues promptly.

Monitor performance and adjust strategy

Track the performance of AI using key performance indicators (KPIs). Monitor for any errors, inefficiencies, or unintended consequences, and adjust the systems as necessary based on feedback, emerging trends, and evolving business needs.

Stay informed on regulations

Keep up to date with AI regulations to ensure your practices remain compliant with legal and ethical standards.

Scale AI across the business

Once you successfully implement AI in one area, scale it to other parts of the business. Ensure your infrastructure, data and staff are ready to 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ this expansion.

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Business 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for AI adoption in Northern Ireland

Get help with implementing AI projects in Northern Ireland through funding, training, and expert guidance for businesses.

Businesses in Northern Ireland can access a range of resources to 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ their artificial intelligence (AI) projects, including funding, expert guidance, and training. Here are some key options.

Artificial Intelligence Collaboration Centre (AICC)

A £16.3 million initiative by Ulster University and Queen's University Belfast, the AICC offers fully funded consultancy, AI expertise, and training to accelerate AI adoption. Read more about AICC's 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ.

Digital Transformation Flexible Fund (DTFF)

This fund 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶs small and micro businesses in Northern Ireland to invest in advanced digital technologies, including AI. Grants range from £5,000 to £20,000, covering up to 70% of project costs. The next funding rounds opens in March 2025. Pre-briefing sessions start in February – find out more and register now.

Hartree Centre, Northern Ireland Hub

Part of the Hartree National Centre for Digital Innovation, this hub provides businesses with fully funded access to AI tools, computing resources, and technical 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ to improve productivity. It helps businesses adopt AI to drive innovation and competitiveness. Get in touch with the Hartree Centre NI Hub.

Invest Northern Ireland

Invest NI offers a range of funding, guidance, and 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ services to businesses in Northern Ireland looking to innovate. This includes helping companies across industries develop digitalisations strategies and adopt AI tools to boost productivity and competitiveness. Read about Invest NI's 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for business.

Go Succeed NI

Go Succeed NI runs regular events covering a range of relevant topics to help businesses in Northern Ireland navigate digital transformation, including AI adoption. These events are designed to provide insights, practical advice, and expert guidance on emerging technologies and industry trends. They offer valuable learning opportunities for businesses looking to stay competitive and innovative in a fast-changing environment. Check the latest schedule of Go Succeed NI business events.

Innovate UK BridgeAI

BridgeAI connects businesses to AI experts and resources at all stages of their AI journey. It offers tailored 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ, including scientific expertise, AI resources, and upskilling opportunities to ensure successful AI adoption. Explore current BridgeAI opportunities.

Digital Catapult

Digital Catapult helps businesses adopt AI responsibly by providing access to computing power, hardware, expertise, and mentoring. It also offers a tailored AI adoption toolkit with four assessments to benchmark your digital transformation, data readiness, and AI deployment.

Additional 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ

There are various other sources of 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ available depending on your business needs. For example, local councils in Northern Ireland may run targeted programmes and events focusing on digital skills and innovation. Support may also be available from Local Enterprise Agencies, as well as industry-specific bodies such as Tourism Northern Ireland, Screen Northern Ireland or Manufacturing NI.

Check our Business Support Finder and Events Finder regularly for the latest opportunities.

If you're seeking 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for broader research and development activity, explore a list of UK wide options and R&D grants available in Northern Ireland.

Actions

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Practical steps for implementing AI in business

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Generative AI for business

dcomisso — Wed, 13 Sep 2023 09:00:06 +0000

Generative AI for business dcomisso Wed, 13/09/2023 - 10:00

Artificial intelligence in business

In this guide:

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

Introduction to artificial intelligence, its types, key technologies, and common applications of AI and ML in business.
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to machines or software that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence. These tasks include learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and understanding language. AI can make decisions, improve processes, and automate tasks to enhance business efficiency.

Types of artificial intelligence

There are two main types of AI:

Weak AI (applied AI) - Designed to perform specific tasks, this is the most common type of AI used in tools like chatbots, virtual assistants, and voice recognition software.

Strong AI (generalised AI) - Aims to perform any task that a human can, with the ability to think and reason flexibly. True strong AI does not yet exist, but research is ongoing.

What is machine learning?

Machine learning is a key part of AI that enables systems to learn from data and improve over time. Rather than being programmed with specific instructions, it uses patterns to make decisions and predictions. Businesses can use machine learning to:

recognise patterns in data (eg customer behaviour)

translate large volumes of text in real time

automate tasks like email sorting or data entry

predict outcomes, such as sales forecasts or market trends

personalise experiences, like recommending products to customers

Machine learning is also the foundation for generative AI, which uses learned patterns to create new content, such as text, images, and videos. For example, businesses can use generative AI to automatically generate marketing content or create personalised product designs based on customer preferences.

Key AI technologies

In addition to machine learning and generative AI, there are other key technologies driving AI innovation:

Natural language processing (NLP)

NLP helps machines understand, interpret, and generate human language. It's used in chatbots, virtual assistants, and automated translation tools.

Computer vision

This technology allows AI systems to ‘see’ and interpret visual information, enabling tasks like facial recognition, object detection, and image analysis.

Robotic Process Automation (RPA)

RPA uses AI to automate rule-based tasks across various business processes, such as data entry and report generation.

Deep learning

A subset of machine learning, deep learning uses neural networks to analyse large datasets, often for complex tasks like image and speech recognition.

How businesses use AI and machine learning?

Over the years, AI research has enabled many technological advances, including:

virtual agents and chatbots

suggestive web searches

targeted advertising

pattern recognition

predictive analytics

voice and speech recognition

face recognition

machine translation

autonomous driving

automatic scheduling

Many of these are now commonplace and provide solutions to business challenges and complex, real-world problems. Across various industries, specific applications exist in:

healthcare - AI is helping with diagnostics, personalised medicine, and patient management systems

finance - AI is used for fraud detection, risk management, algorithmic trading, and personalised financial advice

manufacturing - AI-powered robots and predictive maintenance tools optimise production processes and reduce downtime

retail - AI assists with inventory management, demand forecasting, and personalised shopping experiences

For more AI use cases, see examples of AI use in business and read about the business benefits of AI.
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Examples of artificial intelligence use in business

Discover common uses and applications of artificial intelligence in logistics, marketing, customer service and more.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere. From online shopping to virtual assistants, AI plays a major role in everyday life. It’s also transforming businesses, offering tools that boost efficiency, personalise experiences, and drive growth. Here are some common AI applications in business:

AI in business management

AI helps automate tasks and improve decision-making in business management. Some examples include:

spam filters and

email sorting

voice to text features

virtual assistants

automated customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ

tasks automation

sales forecasting

security surveillance

smart devices that learn user behaviour

automated insights for industries like finance and healthcare

AI in e-commerce

AI improves customer experiences and streamlines operations. Key uses include:

smart searches and results

personalised shopping experiences

product recommendations

purchase predictions

fraud detection for safer transactions

dynamic pricing for better revenue

AI in marketing

AI drives targeted marketing strategies by allowing you to effectively track user behaviour and automate many routine tasks. Examples include:

personalised content and recommendations

customised news feeds

image recognition for better ad performance

real-time ad targeting

customer segmentation

social media insights for brand monitoring

automated web design and content generation

AI in customer service

AI provides faster, smarter customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ while reducing workloads. Key uses include:

predictive customer service

chatbots for instant responses

sentiment analysis for customer interactions

multilingual 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for global audiences

language analysis for customer feedback

AI in logistics and supply chain

AI improves efficiency by automating and optimising logistics. Key applications include:

motoring infrastructure

route optimisation for faster deliveries

demand forecasting to manage stock effectively

warehouse automation for sorting, picking, and packing

inventory management to track stock levels and reduce waste

AI in manufacturing

AI is transforming manufacturing by improving efficiency and reducing downtime. Examples include:

predictive maintenance for equipment failures

AI-powered quality control

robotic process automation to increase output and efficiency

anomaly detection to identify potential disruption and prevent outage

AI in human resources

AI streamlines HR processes and enhances employee management. Common uses include:

automated resume screening

automated onboarding for new hires

employee engagement analysis

Future potential of AI in business

These are just a few ways AI is used in businesses today. Emerging technologies like generative AI are expanding possibilities, from content creation to advanced data analysis. With continued advancements in Industry 4.0, businesses can expect even greater opportunities for digital innovation.

Explore more business benefits of AI and, if you're ready to take the next step, get advice on how to implement AI effectively.
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Generative AI for business

Explore the potential of generative AI to drive efficiencies, improve operations, and transform your business.
Generative AI, or Gen AI, is a type of artificial intelligence that creates original content such as text, images, music, and code. It uses machine learning to analyse data and generate new outputs based on patterns it has learned. This powerful technology helps businesses automate tasks, personalise customer experiences, and boost growth by increasing efficiency and creativity.

Key applications of generative AI in business

Generative AI has many practical uses that can benefit businesses across industries.

Content creation

Generative AI automates content production, enabling businesses to create marketing copy, social media posts, product descriptions, and creative writing quickly and at scale. It can also generate high-quality images, music, and videos, simplifying content production.

Product and service personalisation

Generative AI analyses customer behaviour and preferences to deliver tailored product recommendations, personalised messages, and customised user interfaces. This enhances customer satisfaction and engagement.

Innovation and product design

Generative AI accelerates product design by enabling businesses to create and test prototypes faster. It can generate multiple design options or adapt designs to market trends, improving the chances of product success.

Enhanced interactive experiences

Generative AI enhances interactive experiences in gaming and virtual environments by allowing users to create custom levels, characters, and storylines, personalising the experience.

Data analysis and decision making

Generative AI uncovers trends and patterns in large datasets, improving decision-making. It also enhances accuracy in tasks like sentiment analysis, anomaly detection, and object recognition.

Predictive analytics

Generative AI provides forecasting for sales, finance, and inventory management, helping businesses plan better and prepare for future market conditions.

Operational efficiencies

Generative AI optimises everyday business processes, such as resume screening, interview scheduling, or customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ. It also streamlines project workflows by automating scheduling and resource allocation, saving time and improving productivity.

Benefits of generative AI for business

Generative AI offers a range of advantages for businesses, including:

cost savings - automates repetitive tasks, saving time and resources

faster innovation - speeds up time to market and boosts revenue

higher productivity - streamlines creative and operational processes

stronger customer engagement - builds loyalty and drives growth

improved decision-making - provides better insights through data analysis

Generative AI also gives businesses a competitive edge by enabling them to innovate, personalise, and scale operations. Early adopters can position themselves as leaders in their industries by harnessing this transformative technology. Read more about the wider business benefits of artificial intelligence.

Risks and challenges of generative AI in business

While generative AI has many benefits, businesses need to manage its risks responsibly. Here are some of the main concerns:

Reliability

AI-generated content may use data from unreliable or unverified sources, resulting in inaccurate or unauthorised outputs. This can create reputational and legal risks, especially if the content infringes intellectual property rights.

Ethical issues

Generative AI can reflect biases in the data it learns from, potentially producing discriminatory or unfair content. Regular monitoring is essential to ensure ethical use.

Quality control

AI outputs depend on the quality of the data it is trained on. Poor or irrelevant data can lead to content that fails to meet your business standards or align with your brand values.

Impact on jobs

AI automation may raise concerns about job displacement. To address this, businesses can use generative AI to enhance employee productivity and focus on tasks that require critical thinking and creativity.

Privacy and data security

Generative AI often relies on large datasets, including personal information. Businesses must safeguard data and comply with data protection regulations. Tools and frameworks, such as those from the Information Commissioner’s Office, can help manage privacy risks.

Responsible use of generative AI

Generative AI has transformative potential, but careful implementation is needed to ensure safe and ethical use. By putting proper safeguards in place, you can limit the risks of artificial intelligence in business.
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Business benefits of artificial intelligence

Find out why businesses adopt AI to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and drive revenue growth across industries.
As businesses look for ways to stay competitive, many are turning to artificial intelligence (AI) to improve operations and drive growth. Whether you're just starting with AI, expanding its use or mastering generative AI, the potential benefits are huge. Here's a look at how AI can help your business succeed.

The impact of AI on business

Implementing the right AI technology can have a transformative effect on your business. AI can help you:

increase productivity and operational efficiencies

save time and money by automating and optimising routine processes and tasks

make faster business decisions based on outputs from cognitive technologies

reduce 'human error', provided that AI systems are set up properly

personalise customer experience, predict preferences and tailor interactions

generate quality leads and grow your customer base

increase revenue by identifying and maximising sales opportunities

grow business knowledge through intelligent recommendations and analysis

Benefits of AI and humans working together

Research shows that AI works best when combined with human input. While AI excels at automating repetitive tasks, the greatest improvements come when AI and humans collaborate. Instead of replacing workers, AI can augment human abilities, allowing teams to focus on higher-level strategic decisions. This synergy between AI and human expertise drives better performance and innovation.

Why businesses adopt AI

The primary reason many businesses adopt AI is to gain a competitive edge. However, other drivers include:

Customer demand

Customers expect fast, tailored service. AI helps businesses meet these expectations by automating responses, personalising experiences, and predicting customer needs. This improves efficiency and enhances customer satisfaction.

Specific business or operational problems

AI can solve complex problems, such as automating tasks, improving supply chains, and analysing large amounts of data. It’s often used to address issues that are difficult to solve with traditional methods.

Test projects

Some businesses adopt AI to test its potential. These pilot projects allow companies to experiment with AI, understand its capabilities, and explore how it can improve operations and drive innovation.

Executive decision

In many cases, AI adoption is driven by company leadership looking for new ways to improve the business. Executives see AI as a way to innovate and achieve growth, leading to decisions that prioritise AI projects.

AI opportunities for business growth

Whatever the reason for adopting it, AI has the potential to transform how your business operates. All it takes to start is an open-minded approach and a willingness to try new things.

That said, AI is fast-evolving, and challenges can arise. To learn more about how AI is currently being applied across industries, check out examples of AI use in business, and to ensure smooth implementation, explore practical steps for AI implementation.
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Risks and limitations of artificial intelligence in business

Understand AI risks, data privacy concerns, implementation challenges, and ethical issues for businesses today.

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to grow, businesses are using it more to boost productivity, profits, and overall performance. However, while AI has many benefits, it also has limitations and risks that must be considered before adopting it.

Key challenges in implementing AI

Adopting AI in business isn't always straightforward, and there are several hurdles to overcome. Below are some of the key challenges businesses face:

Data quality and availability

One of the biggest challenges in AI adoption is poor-quality data. Often, data is fragmented, inconsistent, or outdated, making it hard for businesses to use AI effectively. To make AI work, businesses need a robust data management practices and a clear strategy for collecting and organising data before starting any AI projects.

Skills shortage

AI requires specialised skills that are in high demand. Many businesses struggle to find qualified data scientists, machine learning engineers, and other experts needed to develop and maintain AI systems. This skills gap can slow down AI adoption and drive up costs if businesses have to rely on outside consultants.

High costs

AI technology is expensive, especially for businesses without in-house expertise. Beyond the initial investment, there are ongoing costs for training, system maintenance, and software updates. These ongoing expenses can be a barrier for small and medium-sized businesses.

Integration with existing infrastructure

Outdated or incompatible infrastructure can impede the implementation of AI technologies. The system should be able to handle the processing demand of AI applications. This may involve upgrading hardware and software to create a suitable environment for integration.

System maintenance

AI systems are complex and require regular updates to stay effective. If something goes wrong, restoring an AI system can be time-consuming and costly. While these risks exist with all software, AI’s complexity can make the impact of system failures more severe.

Integration and usability

AI must integrate well with existing systems to be useful. If AI solutions are incompatible or employees don’t fully understand how to use them, adoption can be challenging. Businesses should ensure that AI tools work smoothly with other software and existing infrastructure, and that staff are properly trained.

Privacy and transparency concerns

AI systems often handle sensitive customer data, raising concerns about privacy and data security. Additionally, AI's decision-making processes can be hard to explain, which can complicate compliance with privacy regulations and make businesses less transparent.

The shift to Industry 4.0, along with the rise of generative AI, makes it more important than ever for businesses to stay ahead of these challenges and ensure that their AI systems are well-managed and secure.

Ethical implications of artificial intelligence

As AI develops rapidly, it raises several important ethical questions for businesses:

Job displacement

Automation powered by AI can replace human jobs, particularly in industries where tasks can be done more efficiently by machines. Businesses must find ways to retrain or redeploy workers who may be affected by AI.

Algorithmic bias

AI systems can reflect the biases found in the data they are trained on. If the data is biased, AI systems may produce unfair results. Businesses must regularly review their AI models to ensure they are fair, transparent, and free from bias.

Security risks

AI systems, especially those in areas like autonomous vehicles and weapons, can create security risks. If AI systems are hacked or malfunction, they could cause serious harm. Businesses must invest in strong security measures to protect their AI systems.

Unintended consequences

As AI systems learn and evolve, they can behave in unexpected ways. These ‘unintended consequences’ can be difficult to predict and might lead to problems that were not foreseen when the system was created. Businesses must monitor AI systems closely to prevent this.

Navigating the challenges of AI adoption

Despite its risks, AI has significant potential to improve business performance. Businesses should address these risks head-on to make AI adoption smoother. With the right strategies in place, AI can be a powerful tool for growth. See practical steps for AI implementation.

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Practical steps for implementing AI in business

Discover how to implement AI in your business, with steps for planning, execution, and scaling of AI systems.

Implementing artificial intelligence (AI) can transform your business, but it requires careful planning. Follow these steps to integrate AI effectively.

Start small

Begin with small AI projects, like automating customer inquiries or simplifying data entry. Use these pilot projects to learn and refine your approach before scaling AI across the business.

Identify business needs and objectives

AI potentially has countless applications in business, but it's important to approach it strategically. Review your operations to identify pain points and areas where AI can best address challenges or inefficiencies. Set clear goals that align with your priorities, such as improving customer service or automating tasks.

Assess AI readiness

Evaluate your infrastructure, technology and workforce capabilities. You may need to upgrade systems, improve data management, or train staff to 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ AI adoption. Ensure your data is accurate and easily accessible, as high-quality data is crucial for AI success. Be aware of common challenges, such as with skill shortages, integration and privacy concerns.

Choose the right AI solutions

Select affordable and scalable AI tools that meet your needs. Consider automation software, customer 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ tools, or other solutions. If necessary, consult AI experts for guidance. Decide if you should build a custom solution for flexibility or buy third-party tools for faster, cost-effective implementation.

Invest in training

Train your staff to use AI tools effectively and understand their impact. Offer courses, workshops, or mentorship and 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ ongoing learning to keep your team up to date with evolving AI technologies.

Assess costs and benefits

Evaluate the financial costs of AI adoption, including initial investment and long-term returns. Compare the benefits of increased productivity and cost savings against infrastructure and training costs. Check if you are eligible to get 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for AI adoption in Northern Ireland.

Develop an implementation plan

Create a clear plan with timelines, resources, and responsibilities for AI implementation. Ensure communication across teams for smooth execution and collaboration.

Implement AI systems

Deploy AI tools in the relevant areas of your business. Ensure smooth integration with existing systems and address any technical issues promptly.

Monitor performance and adjust strategy

Track the performance of AI using key performance indicators (KPIs). Monitor for any errors, inefficiencies, or unintended consequences, and adjust the systems as necessary based on feedback, emerging trends, and evolving business needs.

Stay informed on regulations

Keep up to date with AI regulations to ensure your practices remain compliant with legal and ethical standards.

Scale AI across the business

Once you successfully implement AI in one area, scale it to other parts of the business. Ensure your infrastructure, data and staff are ready to 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ this expansion.

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Business 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for AI adoption in Northern Ireland

Get help with implementing AI projects in Northern Ireland through funding, training, and expert guidance for businesses.

Businesses in Northern Ireland can access a range of resources to 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ their artificial intelligence (AI) projects, including funding, expert guidance, and training. Here are some key options.

Artificial Intelligence Collaboration Centre (AICC)

A £16.3 million initiative by Ulster University and Queen's University Belfast, the AICC offers fully funded consultancy, AI expertise, and training to accelerate AI adoption. Read more about AICC's 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ.

Digital Transformation Flexible Fund (DTFF)

This fund 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶs small and micro businesses in Northern Ireland to invest in advanced digital technologies, including AI. Grants range from £5,000 to £20,000, covering up to 70% of project costs. The next funding rounds opens in March 2025. Pre-briefing sessions start in February – find out more and register now.

Hartree Centre, Northern Ireland Hub

Part of the Hartree National Centre for Digital Innovation, this hub provides businesses with fully funded access to AI tools, computing resources, and technical 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ to improve productivity. It helps businesses adopt AI to drive innovation and competitiveness. Get in touch with the Hartree Centre NI Hub.

Invest Northern Ireland

Invest NI offers a range of funding, guidance, and 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ services to businesses in Northern Ireland looking to innovate. This includes helping companies across industries develop digitalisations strategies and adopt AI tools to boost productivity and competitiveness. Read about Invest NI's 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for business.

Go Succeed NI

Go Succeed NI runs regular events covering a range of relevant topics to help businesses in Northern Ireland navigate digital transformation, including AI adoption. These events are designed to provide insights, practical advice, and expert guidance on emerging technologies and industry trends. They offer valuable learning opportunities for businesses looking to stay competitive and innovative in a fast-changing environment. Check the latest schedule of Go Succeed NI business events.

Innovate UK BridgeAI

BridgeAI connects businesses to AI experts and resources at all stages of their AI journey. It offers tailored 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ, including scientific expertise, AI resources, and upskilling opportunities to ensure successful AI adoption. Explore current BridgeAI opportunities.

Digital Catapult

Digital Catapult helps businesses adopt AI responsibly by providing access to computing power, hardware, expertise, and mentoring. It also offers a tailored AI adoption toolkit with four assessments to benchmark your digital transformation, data readiness, and AI deployment.

Additional 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ

There are various other sources of 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ available depending on your business needs. For example, local councils in Northern Ireland may run targeted programmes and events focusing on digital skills and innovation. Support may also be available from Local Enterprise Agencies, as well as industry-specific bodies such as Tourism Northern Ireland, Screen Northern Ireland or Manufacturing NI.

Check our Business Support Finder and Events Finder regularly for the latest opportunities.

If you're seeking 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ for broader research and development activity, explore a list of UK wide options and R&D grants available in Northern Ireland.

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Product life cycle management

dcomisso — Wed, 23 Aug 2023 08:33:14 +0000

Product life cycle management dcomisso Wed, 23/08/2023 - 09:33

Product life cycle

In this guide:

Product life cycle - key stages

Understand the sequence of stages your product goes through in a typical product life cycle.
All products or services created or provided by your business have a life cycle. This period runs from the initial idea and development of a product to its withdrawal from the market and beyond.

Depending on the type of product or service you launch, the length of a product's life cycle will vary substantially. For example, a fashionable item may have a life cycle of only a few months, whereas an everyday item may have one lasting years.

Typical stages of product life cycle

A product's life cycle goes through the following main stages:

development - the product/service is designed and physically created

introduction - the product/service is launched and marketed to a small group of customers

growth and maturity - the product/service is marketed to a wider audience and reiterated

decline - the product/service either comes to its natural end or is re-developed

Each of these stages is associated with changes in the product's marketing position. Different marketing strategies at different stages may help prolong the life cycle of your products. Read more about the product life cycle strategies.

Product life cycle: key areas to consider

When developing a new product or service you should assess the following key points:

design - how efficient the product is, how it can be produced and how it can be easily manufactured

materials - how you can use the best or most cost-effective materials to increase profit margins, improve the environmental impact of your product, or reduce financial risk

manufacture - how to make the manufacturing process more efficient, or reduce costs

retail - how to optimise costs incurred through packaging or transportation

use - how you can make the product or service last longer in order to increase customer satisfaction

end of life - how materials or ideas from your service or product can be recycled

You need to think about how each of these will affect the various areas of your profitability.

It's worth developing a strategic approach that can help you steer your product from start to finish - this is known as product life cycle management.
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Development stage of a product life cycle

How to develop the idea for your product or service, plan potential outcomes and product expansion.
Product development is the first stage of the product life cycle. It begins only when you find and start to develop a new idea.

How to develop a product idea

You may be an inventor who has already come up with a new product or service idea and is ready to bring that idea to market. However, if you are a business that needs some help to develop new ideas, you can partner with innovators, designers, university researchers or manufacturers to help you generate new ideas.

What to consider at the development stage of the product life cycle

At the development stage of the product life cycle, your idea should meet:

potential customer expectations

design, resource and manufacturing requirements

the strategy outlined in your business plan

You should analyse what is involved in the development process and plan for all the potential outcomes and risks.

Development stage - objectives

At this stage, you should not worry about sales or introducing the product. Your focus should be on working with a team of designers, manufacturers or product development experts on:

producing prototypes

testing prototyped product

sourcing and pricing materials

intellectual property issues

To further develop your product, you should:

consult team members on development plans

speak to suppliers and other business associates

communicate with customers about your plans

consider the environmental impacts of your product

ask a group of potential customers to test your product and give feedback - you can use this to develop the product and, later in the product's life cycle, to market it

When developing your product or service you need to establish the level of quality you are aiming for, and how many different versions you want to develop to generate interest at launch.

See more on the introduction stage of a product life cycle.

During development, it is important to take steps to protect all your intellectual property rights - eg patents and trademarks - before you launch the product or service. Doing this protects you from other competitors copying the idea and developing an alternative. See how to protect your intellectual property.
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Introduction stage of a product life cycle

How to introduce your product or service to potential customers in the marketplace and promote your business.
The introduction stage of a product's life cycle is the time to build awareness of your product or service in certain markets.

Introduction stage of product life cycle - objectives

During the introduction stage, you should concentrate on building a base for your product, and focus on the following marketing factors:

pricing

distribution

promotion

Price your product or service

You should initially start pricing at the highest point you believe possible to achieve. You can also consider a skimming price strategy - charging a relatively high price for a short time when you launch a new, innovative or much-improved product. Skimming capitalises on customers who are willing to pay more to be one of the first to have a new product. You can lower the prices later when demand from the early adopters falls.

A penetration pricing strategy may work best for businesses entering a new market or building on a relatively small market share. It involves the setting of lower, rather than higher prices to achieve a large, if not dominant market share.

See how to price your product or service.

Distribution

Your distribution should be selective and limited to a specific type of consumer until your product is accepted. Also, you should consider different distribution models during different periods of the product life cycle, eg new products for different seasons in a clothes shop.

Promotion

You should try to build brand awareness at an early stage. It is worth working with a brand design or communications agency as you develop a product to establish a strong brand.

You can use samples or trial incentives to capture early adopters of the product or service. Introductory promotions can also help convince potential resellers to carry your lines. Different marketing strategies work better at different stages of the product's life cycle. Read more about the product life cycle strategies.

Product life cycle introduction: profitability

It is likely that, at the introduction stage, your sales will be low until customers become aware of your product or your service's benefits. Due to the high cost of advertising and low initial sales, it is possible that you won't make immediate profits or you may even find that the product is producing negative profits. However, you should make up for this with increasing revenue generated at the growth and maturity stage of a product life cycle.
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Growth and maturity stage of a product life cycle

Strategies for growing and maturing a product, and increasing profit margins and profitability.
At this point in your product's life cycle, you should be putting your efforts into:

increasing your product's market share

creating a brand preference for your customers

Product growth stage

This should be a period of rapid growth in both sales and profits for your product or service. Your profits should rise through an increase in output and more competitive pricing.

You should also consider:

maintaining product quality and adding features or 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ services for the product

maintaining pricing to increase demand for the product

increasing distribution channels to cope with demand

aiming promotion at a wider audience

If your profits are still low, consider reducing the price of the product or service to increase the volume of sales. See how to price your product or service.

Remember that different marketing strategies work better at different stages of the product's life cycle. You may want to tailor your strategies to your product's changing marketing position.

Read more about product life cycle strategies and product life cycle management.

Product maturity stage

If your product or service makes it to the maturity stage, this should be the longest part of its product life cycle.

At this stage, you will probably notice that:

you may need to enhance product features to make it more appealing than competitors'

you may need to lower your pricing due to increased competition

distribution is becoming more intensive and you may need to offer incentives

you may need to focus your promotion on the difference between existing products

At this point, the market has often reached saturation as a result of competitors releasing their own version of your product. Your product or service may experience a decreasing rate of sales, which should eventually stabilise.

To prolong their life span, you should aim to differentiate your product or service from others that your competitors offer. You can do this by focusing on and highlighting any branding, trademarks, or customer testimonials that may give you an advantage.

Keep in mind that the sales of most products will decline at some stage and the product will come to its natural end. Find out more about this in product life cycles - decline stage.
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Product life cycles - decline stage

How to deal with product decline and extend the lifespan of your product or service.
The sales of most products will decline at some stage. This can be due to factors such as technological advances, trends, innovation or changing consumer tastes.

You will know when your product reaches the decline stage of its life cycle because you will notice a significant downturn in the revenue it generates.

Product decline strategies

At this stage, your options are to:

maintain the product in the hope that your other competitors will withdraw their versions before you, which may create an increase in demand again

reduce your costs and find another use for the product - entering into another niche area could increase profits

reduce marketing 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ, 'harvest' the product, coast along until profits dry up and then discontinue the product

discontinue the product when your profit disappears, or when you unveil a successor product

Extending the lifespan of your product

Some of these methods can form an 'extension strategy' that prolongs the life of your current product or service. Such a strategy can temporarily delay the decline and give you enough time to improve or amend your existing product or develop a new one. Read more about product life cycle strategies.

By understanding the product life cycle of all of your products and services, you can ensure that at least one of your ventures is at the growth or maturity stage, while another is in decline. By doing this you can guarantee a regular source of profit for all of your products.

Read more about the growth and maturity stage of a product life cycle.
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Product life cycle strategies

Key strategies to consider throughout the different product life cycle stages, and how to make the most of each stage.
The product life cycle contains four distinct stages: introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Each stage is associated with changes in the product's marketing position. You can use various marketing strategies in each stage to try to prolong the life cycle of your products.

Product introduction strategies

Marketing strategies used in the introduction stages include:

rapid skimming - launching the product at a high price and high promotional level

slow skimming - launching the product at a high price and low promotional level

rapid penetration - launching the product at a low price with significant promotion

slow penetration - launching the product at a low price and minimal promotion

During the introduction stage, you should aim to:

establish a clear brand identity

connect with the right partners to promote your product

set up consumer tests, or provide samples or trials to key target markets

price the product or service as high as you believe you can sell it, and to reflect the quality level you are providing

You could also try to limit the product or service to a specific type of consumer - being selective can boost demand. Read more about the introduction stage of a product life cycle.

Product growth strategies

Marketing strategies used in the growth stage mainly aim to increase profits. Some of the common strategies to try are:

improving product quality

adding new product features or 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ services to grow your market share

entering new markets segments

keeping pricing as high as is reasonable to keep demand and profits high

increasing distribution channels to cope with growing demand

shifting marketing messages from product awareness to product preference

skimming product prices if your profits are too low

The growth stage is when you should see rapidly rising sales, profits and your market share. Your strategies should seek to maximise these opportunities.

Product maturity strategies

When your sales peak, your product will enter the maturity stage. This often means that your market will be saturated and you may find that you need to change your marketing tactics to prolong the life cycle of your product. Common strategies that can help during this stage fall under one of two categories:

market modification - this includes entering new market segments, redefining target markets, winning over competitor's customers, converting non-users

product modification - for example, adjusting or improving your product's features, quality, pricing and differentiating it from other products in the marking

Read more about the growth and maturity stage of a product life cycle.

Product decline strategies

During the end stages of your product, you will see declining sales and profits. This can be caused by changes in consumer preferences, technological advances and alternatives on the market. At this stage, you will have to decide what strategies to take. If you want to save money, you can:

reduce your promotional expenditure on the products

reduce the number of distribution outlets that sell them

implement price cuts to get the customers to buy the product

find another use for the product

maintain the product and wait for competitors to withdraw from the market first

harvest the product or service before discontinuing it

Another option is for your business to discontinue the product from your offering. You may choose to:

sell the brand to another business

significantly reduce the price to get rid of all the inventory

Many businesses find that the best strategy is to modify their product in the maturity stage to avoid entering the decline stage. Find out more about product life cycle - decline stage or find more best practices on product life cycle management.
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Product life cycle management

Introduction to PLM, including tools, systems, and the substantial benefits it can bring to your business.
Product life cycle management is a strategic approach that can help you steer your product from start to finish - from concept and design to production, distribution, and eventual retirement.

What is product life cycle management (PLM)?

Product life cycle management is the process of overseeing a product from its inception to its eventual discontinuation. It involves a series of stages comprising:

ideation and development

introduction of the product to the market

growth as the product matures

decline of the product

Each stage has its own set of challenges and opportunities. In most cases, you can use specific product life cycle strategies to try prolonging the life cycle of your products.

Key benefits of implementing PLM

There are many potential benefits of effectively managing the life cycle of your product. For example:

Improved product innovation

Having a process for product life cycle management can encourage collaboration and the sharing of ideas in a business, resulting in more innovative products that can meet market needs better.

Enhanced time-to-market

Efficient PLM processes can speed up product development cycles, enabling you to get your offerings to market faster than your competitors.

Better resource management

PLM can help you allocate resources optimally, ensuring that your team's skills and time are used efficiently throughout the product's life cycle.

Cost savings

Through better resource allocation and waste reduction, PLM can lead to cost savings across various stages of product development and production.

Regulatory compliance

Many industries have strict regulations. PLM systems can help you manage compliance requirements, reducing the risk of legal issues and costly recalls.

Improved communication

PLM tools and systems can streamline communication between departments and teams, reducing misunderstandings and enhancing overall efficiency.

Better decision-making

With access to real-time data and insights, you can make informed decisions about product improvements, investments, and retirements.

Tools and systems for effective PLM

For product life cycle management to be efficient, there are digital solutions that automate the administrative processes that go along with product development. Some of the solutions you could consider include:

Product data management systems

Systems for managing product information ensure that everyone works with accurate and up-to-date data, including design files, specifications and documentation.

Computer-aided design (CAD) software

CAD tools facilitate the creation, modification, analysis, and optimisation of product designs. They are vital for ensuring products meet performance and safety standards.

Collaboration platforms

Tools like project management software and communication platforms help teams collaborate seamlessly, even when they're geographically dispersed.

Dedicated PLM software

A comprehensive product life cycle management software can provide end-to-end visibility into your product's life cycle. It covers everything from design and prototyping to sourcing, manufacturing, distribution, and retirement.

Data analytics tools

Tools for analysing data can help you make sense of the vast amounts of information generated throughout the product life cycle. They offer insights that can guide your strategic decisions.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems

ERP systems integrate various business processes, including finance, inventory, and production, into one organised system. This integration can improve efficiency and accuracy across the business.

How to implement effective PLM

PLM implementation will begin by assessing your needs. Try to understand your product's life cycle and identify areas needing improvement. You will then need to determine which PLM tools and systems align with your business goals.

Once you choose the tools that suit your business size, industry, and budget, you should train your team to use the tools effectively, to ensure smooth integration into existing workflows.

For PLM to deliver positive results, you should also encourage collaboration among departments, allowing each to have input throughout the life cycle.

Finally, you should strive for continuous improvement. Regularly evaluate your PLM processes and tools and update them as needed to adapt to changes in your business environment.
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UKCA marking: conformity assessment and documentation

dcomisso — Thu, 11 Aug 2022 12:22:51 +0000

UKCA marking: conformity assessment and documentation dcomisso Thu, 11/08/2022 - 13:22

Introduction

UKCA marking: roles and responsibilities

dcomisso — Thu, 11 Aug 2022 11:41:59 +0000

UKCA marking: roles and responsibilities dcomisso Thu, 11/08/2022 - 12:41

Introduction

Orphan works: guidance for right holders

dcomisso — Tue, 12 Jan 2021 19:02:08 +0000

Orphan works: guidance for right holders dcomisso Tue, 12/01/2021 - 19:02

Copyright: Orphan works

In this guide:

Orphan works licensing scheme

Overview of the UK's orphan works licensing scheme run by the Intellectual Property Office
Orphan works are copyright works where one or more right holder is unknown or cannot be located. It is not normally possible to reproduce the work if the right holder(s) cannot be found. However, the orphan works licensing scheme provides a way to reproduce these works lawfully.

Orphan works licence

If you want to use an orphan work in the UK, you can apply for a licence. An orphan works licence:

applies only for use in the UK

can be for commercial or non-commercial use

is non-exclusive (not restricted to a single licensee)

can last up to seven years

can be renewed

The Intellectual Property Office (IPO) can issue different types of orphan works licences for both non-commercial and commercial purposes, for up to seven years.

Do I need an orphan works licence?

If you want to reproduce a copyright work, you need to try to find out who the right holders for that work are, and get their permission to use the work. If you cannot find the right holders or it isn’t known who they are, then you can use the orphan works licensing scheme.

You may not need an orphan works licence if your intended use of the work falls within one of the exceptions to copyright – for example, teaching, non-commercial research or private study.

Is the work still in copyright?

You should also consider if the work is still in copyright. If the work is in the public domain because the copyright has expired, then you do not need a licence and are free to use the work. To find out if a work is still in copyright, you should consider:

when the work was created or first published; and

whether the right holder is still alive, or if you know when they died

To find out how long copyright lasts for different types of work, see what does copyright cover.
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Carry out a diligent search for the right holders

How to complete a diligent search for right holder(s) of orphaned works before applying for an orphan works licence
In order to apply for an orphan works licence, you must complete a diligent search to try to identify and locate the right holder who controls the relevant rights in the works you intend to use. If there are multiple rights holders, a diligent search will be needed for each right holder where the right is relevant to the proposed use.

Why do you need the search?

You will need to submit a report of the search (in .pdf format) with your orphan works licence application, as evidence that you have completed the search. This report must cover:

the sources you've checked

information on the process you followed in determining if work is orphaned

You will have to carry out a diligent search to the satisfaction of the IPO when you apply for a licence to use orphan works in the UK.

How to undertake a diligent search

There is no set procedure to follow for a diligent search - it will depend on the information available. However, you need to show that the search was diligent so it's important to consider multiple sources where possible.

There are several key things you should consider when starting a diligent search:

Why do you want to use this particular work?

Is there substitute work available for which you know the right holder?

Is the work within copyright? If copyright has expired, it can be used freely.

Who are the right holders (ie who can permit or prohibit the use of the work)?

Are there multiple rights within a work, each with its own right holder?

Where did you find the work and what is its provenance?

Has the work been published, broadcast or performed?

Has a previous diligent search been completed on the work or right holder?

Check the orphan works register to see if a previous search exists and use these questions to determine where to search for information about the desired work.

If a previous diligent search exists

You can rely on an existing diligent search for the right holder in the work you want to use if:

the search was submitted with a previous, successful licence application up to seven years ago

the search covers the specific rights within that work you wish to use (since different rights in a work may have different right holders)

If you rely on a previous diligent search, bear in mind that the search is only valid for seven years from when the first licence using that search was issued. So, for example, if a licence was issued two years ago and you rely on the same diligent search, the maximum licence duration will be five years.

Other sources to search

As well as the orphan works register, there are many other possible sources of information on potential right holders, including:

the internet (web searches)

online databases and catalogues, such as Amazon, Spotify, etc

the Writers, Artists and their Copyright Holders (WATCH) database

newspaper collections within libraries

genealogy sites

search archives of higher education institutions

treasury solicitors (for assets that may have passed to the Crown by law)

You may also want to:

advertise for a possible right holder in relevant media

trace heirs to an estate or search for wills or testaments (if a creator is known or believed to be dead)

check the provenance of work – credits, acknowledgements, dates or other information embedded in the work

Industry associations, such as those for music industry and film, or databases of relevant Collective Management Organisations can also be great sources of information.

Sample searches and checklists from the IPO

The Intellectual Property Office (IPO) offers a detailed list of sources to help you complete a diligent search. Not all sources will be relevant to every search. To help with this process, the IPO has also published:

sample diligent searches for some types of work

search checklists to show that you have completed a diligent search

The sample searches include narrative to explain why some sources were searched and not others.

The IPO can only license for unknown or unlocatable right holders. Where you have located some but not all the right holders, the works are considered partial orphan works. As with any other copyright work, you will need to gain permission from any relevant known and locatable right holder in order to avoid copyright infringement.
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Apply for a licence to use orphan works in the UK

How to apply for a licence to reproduce orphan works lawfully under the UK Intellectual Property Office's licensing scheme
The orphan works licensing scheme allows you to reproduce orphan works lawfully. You must apply online for a licence with the Intellectual Property Office (IPO).

Before you apply for an orphan works licence

Before you apply for a licence, you should consider why you want to use the orphan work and if there is non-orphan work you could use instead where the right holder is known and locatable. You could even consider commissioning a new work.

You should also check if the intended use of the works falls within one of the copyright exceptions. If it does, you may not require an orphan works licence.

You will not need a licence if the copyright has expired, and the orphan work is in the public domain. If you are unsure if the work is still in copyright, you can apply for a licence.

Search for the right holders

To get a licence to use an orphan work, you will need to carry out a diligent search to try to find the missing right holders. This takes time and there may be some costs involved.

In your licence application, you will have to demonstrate that you have carried out this search. You will also have to keep a record of it if your application is successful.

Search the orphan works register

Before starting the diligent search, you should search the orphan works register to see if a previous diligent search has been completed on the work or right holder. The register holds details of:

applications for orphan works licences

licences that have been granted

applications that have been refused

If you are the right holder, you can use the register to check if any of your works have an orphan work status or have been licensed for use.

Applying for an orphan works licence

To apply for a licence, you must complete an online application form and pay the application fee. You will need to include certain information with your application, such as:

title of the work (where known) or one-sentence summary (if the title is unknown)

short description of the work

known references

use description

work's provenance (ie how the work or its copy came into your possession)

image of the work (if the work is a photo or still visual art)

You can apply for more than one use for the same work in one application, but each separate use will have its own licence fee. You can also apply for multiple works in one application. The maximum number of works you can apply for in one application is 30 and the application fee is based on how many works are in your application.

What happens after I apply?

The IPO will consider your application and check that you've made an adequate diligent search. They will add certain details of your application to the orphan works register.

If your application is successful, you will get an option to proceed with all the works and uses you have requested, or remove some from the application. If you want to add works or uses, you will need to submit a new application. IPO will then send you the terms and conditions (T&Cs) that apply to the licence. A set of standard T&Cs is included in the IPO's guidance for applicants.

If you want to go ahead, you'll now need to pay the licence fee. If your application has been refused, or you're not happy about a licence condition or the licence fee charged, you can appeal.

Costs of orphan works application and licence

The cost of getting a licence includes:

an application fee - payable on application

a licence fee – payable if the application is authorised

These fees are calculated and displayed at the start of the online application process. The fee will depend on how many different works and uses you want to license.

See a list of orphan works licence application fees.

In some cases, the licence fee will be set on a 'price on application' basis. For example, if the intended use of the work is not listed on the online application form. In this case, contact the IPO at orphanworkslicensing@ipo.gov.uk for details of the fee.

Licence fees are kept by the IPO on behalf of the absent right holder for eight years in case the right holder comes forward, so applicants have business certainty if they obtain a licence. For more on this, see orphan works: guidance for right holders.
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Types of orphan works licences: commercial and non-commercial

Orphan works licence can be for non-commercial use or for commercial purposes - both types can last for up to seven years
Under the orphan works licensing scheme, the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) can issue licences for orphan works for use in the UK. You can apply for a licence for non-commercial use or for commercial purposes. Both types of licences can last for up to seven years.

Non-commercial licences for orphan works

Some uses of an orphan work can fall into the category of 'non-commercial use'. For example:

free handouts for live event, exhibition or similar

use in a live event, exhibition or similar

in newsletter, bulletin, e-newsletter or e-bulletin

in non-commercial promotional material - print and digital

digitise and make available online, including on social media

preservation purposes

use on stage or in performance

educational purposes - use in learning/training materials, including e-learning

use in thesis/dissertation

personal use

A non-commercial licence is £0.10 + VAT per work for all non-commercial uses, significantly lower than for commercial use.

Commercial licences for orphan works

Commercial use covers any uses that make money from the work, such as:

selling copies of the work

directly charging for access to it

merchandising

commercial advertising, marketing or promotion activities

For example, the use of an orphan work such as a photograph on a poster to promote or market an exhibition where there was a charge would be considered commercial. This applies whether the charges are intended to make a profit or just cover costs.

The cost of the licence will depend on how many works you wish to license and for what purpose. For example, reproducing an orphan work illustration on a full-page inside a printed magazine will cost more than using it on a quarter page.

Costs are based on prices for using a similar non-orphan work in the same way. You can find out how much the licence fee is likely to be before completing your online application. The fees are calculated and displayed at the start of the process which allows you to adjust your application to something that works for you and your budget.

Find out how to apply for a licence to use orphan works in the UK.
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Orphan works complaints and appeals

Advice for orphan works right holders or licence applicants on appealing against a decision by the IPO
If you are applying for an orphan works licence (or you are the right holder for a work that is subject of an orphan works application or a licence), you can appeal against certain actions and decisions of the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) in your case. Different appeal routes are available for the right holders and applicants. In the first instance, both right holders and applicants need to appeal the relevant decision through the IPO.

If you are an applicant wishing to use orphan works

You can appeal to the IPO if you think the IPO has made a mistake:

in refusing your application

in any condition attached to your licence

in the licence fee quoted

If you are a right holder for an orphan work

You can appeal to the IPO if you think that in reaching a decision they have acted improperly or failed to discharge our obligations under the regulations.

When appealing, both applicants and right holders should provide full details of the matter they are unhappy with and explain why, adding any relevant documentation or emails to their appeal.

The IPO will aim to reply within ten working days of receiving the appeal, but if the problem is complex and they need more time, they will tell you.

If you remain unhappy, you can appeal again to an IPO Manager who was not involved in the original decision or the appeal response. See further guidance for right holders.

Further appeals

If appealing to the IPO does not resolve the issue, and you remain dissatisfied, you can:

appeal to the Copyright Tribunal (applicants)

appeal to the First-tier Tribunal General Regulatory Chamber (right holders)

As an applicant, you may appeal to the Copyright Tribunal against any condition imposed by the IPO in connection with the grant of the orphan licence, the licence fee set by the IPO and a decision to refuse the licence.

As a right holder for works licensed under the orphan works licensing scheme, you may appeal to the First-tier Tribunal (General Regulatory Chamber). The tribunal can look at whether the IPO has acted improperly or failed to discharge its obligations under the regulations in reaching a decision. It would then be for the IPO to reconsider the case in light of the tribunal's findings.

For more information, see IPO's orphan works licensing scheme appeal guidance.
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Orphan works: guidance for right holders

How right holders for an orphan work can contact the IPO and what to do if your work is licensed as an orphan work
The Intellectual Property Office (IPO) operates an orphan works licensing scheme to license works in the UK where the right holder genuinely cannot be found after a diligent search. In a small number of cases, it can happen that the work is licensed as an orphan but the right holder comes forward at a later date.

If your work is wrongly licensed under the orphan works scheme

The IPO maintains the orphan works register which contains details of all applications for an orphan works license, all licences that have been granted and all applications that have been refused.

If you think your work is on the register, contact the IPO using the contact form on the register. You will need to provide evidence in 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ of your claim, specifically any relevant documentation showing that you are the right holder. For example:

contracts

wills

copies of relevant correspondence

If the IPO is satisfied that you are the right holder, and your work has been licensed as an orphan, that licence will continue for the remainder of its term, but the IPO will not issue any new orphan works licences that cover those rights within that work. Any new uses of the work will be up to you, as the right holder, to grant permission in respect of the right you own.

The IPO will update the orphan works register to reflect the fact that the work is no longer orphan or only partially orphan (if there are other right holders who cannot be found or are unknown).

Licence fee payments

If the IPO accept your claim to be the right holder of the work licenced under the orphan works licensing scheme, and where it has been less than eight years since the licence was issued, the IPO will pay you any licence fee in respect of that work.

Where there are multiple right holders in a piece of work and you are one of them, you will receive payment of part of the licence fee. You will receive any payment due within two months of being notified that the IPO accept your claim to be the right holder, unless you decide to waive payment.

While a right holder has no right to the licence fee after eight years, the IPO has the discretion to pay a right holder who comes forward after eight years have passed. In this case, you will need to tell the IPO why you think that they should pay you the licence fee, even though you are outside the eight-year time limit. As a right holder, you can complain and appeal against a decision the IPO has made.
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Orphan works complaints and appeals

dcomisso — Tue, 12 Jan 2021 18:54:10 +0000

Orphan works complaints and appeals dcomisso Tue, 12/01/2021 - 18:54

Copyright: Orphan works

In this guide:

Orphan works licensing scheme

Overview of the UK's orphan works licensing scheme run by the Intellectual Property Office
Orphan works are copyright works where one or more right holder is unknown or cannot be located. It is not normally possible to reproduce the work if the right holder(s) cannot be found. However, the orphan works licensing scheme provides a way to reproduce these works lawfully.

Orphan works licence

If you want to use an orphan work in the UK, you can apply for a licence. An orphan works licence:

applies only for use in the UK

can be for commercial or non-commercial use

is non-exclusive (not restricted to a single licensee)

can last up to seven years

can be renewed

The Intellectual Property Office (IPO) can issue different types of orphan works licences for both non-commercial and commercial purposes, for up to seven years.

Do I need an orphan works licence?

If you want to reproduce a copyright work, you need to try to find out who the right holders for that work are, and get their permission to use the work. If you cannot find the right holders or it isn’t known who they are, then you can use the orphan works licensing scheme.

You may not need an orphan works licence if your intended use of the work falls within one of the exceptions to copyright – for example, teaching, non-commercial research or private study.

Is the work still in copyright?

You should also consider if the work is still in copyright. If the work is in the public domain because the copyright has expired, then you do not need a licence and are free to use the work. To find out if a work is still in copyright, you should consider:

when the work was created or first published; and

whether the right holder is still alive, or if you know when they died

To find out how long copyright lasts for different types of work, see what does copyright cover.
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Carry out a diligent search for the right holders

How to complete a diligent search for right holder(s) of orphaned works before applying for an orphan works licence
In order to apply for an orphan works licence, you must complete a diligent search to try to identify and locate the right holder who controls the relevant rights in the works you intend to use. If there are multiple rights holders, a diligent search will be needed for each right holder where the right is relevant to the proposed use.

Why do you need the search?

You will need to submit a report of the search (in .pdf format) with your orphan works licence application, as evidence that you have completed the search. This report must cover:

the sources you've checked

information on the process you followed in determining if work is orphaned

You will have to carry out a diligent search to the satisfaction of the IPO when you apply for a licence to use orphan works in the UK.

How to undertake a diligent search

There is no set procedure to follow for a diligent search - it will depend on the information available. However, you need to show that the search was diligent so it's important to consider multiple sources where possible.

There are several key things you should consider when starting a diligent search:

Why do you want to use this particular work?

Is there substitute work available for which you know the right holder?

Is the work within copyright? If copyright has expired, it can be used freely.

Who are the right holders (ie who can permit or prohibit the use of the work)?

Are there multiple rights within a work, each with its own right holder?

Where did you find the work and what is its provenance?

Has the work been published, broadcast or performed?

Has a previous diligent search been completed on the work or right holder?

Check the orphan works register to see if a previous search exists and use these questions to determine where to search for information about the desired work.

If a previous diligent search exists

You can rely on an existing diligent search for the right holder in the work you want to use if:

the search was submitted with a previous, successful licence application up to seven years ago

the search covers the specific rights within that work you wish to use (since different rights in a work may have different right holders)

If you rely on a previous diligent search, bear in mind that the search is only valid for seven years from when the first licence using that search was issued. So, for example, if a licence was issued two years ago and you rely on the same diligent search, the maximum licence duration will be five years.

Other sources to search

As well as the orphan works register, there are many other possible sources of information on potential right holders, including:

the internet (web searches)

online databases and catalogues, such as Amazon, Spotify, etc

the Writers, Artists and their Copyright Holders (WATCH) database

newspaper collections within libraries

genealogy sites

search archives of higher education institutions

treasury solicitors (for assets that may have passed to the Crown by law)

You may also want to:

advertise for a possible right holder in relevant media

trace heirs to an estate or search for wills or testaments (if a creator is known or believed to be dead)

check the provenance of work – credits, acknowledgements, dates or other information embedded in the work

Industry associations, such as those for music industry and film, or databases of relevant Collective Management Organisations can also be great sources of information.

Sample searches and checklists from the IPO

The Intellectual Property Office (IPO) offers a detailed list of sources to help you complete a diligent search. Not all sources will be relevant to every search. To help with this process, the IPO has also published:

sample diligent searches for some types of work

search checklists to show that you have completed a diligent search

The sample searches include narrative to explain why some sources were searched and not others.

The IPO can only license for unknown or unlocatable right holders. Where you have located some but not all the right holders, the works are considered partial orphan works. As with any other copyright work, you will need to gain permission from any relevant known and locatable right holder in order to avoid copyright infringement.
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Apply for a licence to use orphan works in the UK

How to apply for a licence to reproduce orphan works lawfully under the UK Intellectual Property Office's licensing scheme
The orphan works licensing scheme allows you to reproduce orphan works lawfully. You must apply online for a licence with the Intellectual Property Office (IPO).

Before you apply for an orphan works licence

Before you apply for a licence, you should consider why you want to use the orphan work and if there is non-orphan work you could use instead where the right holder is known and locatable. You could even consider commissioning a new work.

You should also check if the intended use of the works falls within one of the copyright exceptions. If it does, you may not require an orphan works licence.

You will not need a licence if the copyright has expired, and the orphan work is in the public domain. If you are unsure if the work is still in copyright, you can apply for a licence.

Search for the right holders

To get a licence to use an orphan work, you will need to carry out a diligent search to try to find the missing right holders. This takes time and there may be some costs involved.

In your licence application, you will have to demonstrate that you have carried out this search. You will also have to keep a record of it if your application is successful.

Search the orphan works register

Before starting the diligent search, you should search the orphan works register to see if a previous diligent search has been completed on the work or right holder. The register holds details of:

applications for orphan works licences

licences that have been granted

applications that have been refused

If you are the right holder, you can use the register to check if any of your works have an orphan work status or have been licensed for use.

Applying for an orphan works licence

To apply for a licence, you must complete an online application form and pay the application fee. You will need to include certain information with your application, such as:

title of the work (where known) or one-sentence summary (if the title is unknown)

short description of the work

known references

use description

work's provenance (ie how the work or its copy came into your possession)

image of the work (if the work is a photo or still visual art)

You can apply for more than one use for the same work in one application, but each separate use will have its own licence fee. You can also apply for multiple works in one application. The maximum number of works you can apply for in one application is 30 and the application fee is based on how many works are in your application.

What happens after I apply?

The IPO will consider your application and check that you've made an adequate diligent search. They will add certain details of your application to the orphan works register.

If your application is successful, you will get an option to proceed with all the works and uses you have requested, or remove some from the application. If you want to add works or uses, you will need to submit a new application. IPO will then send you the terms and conditions (T&Cs) that apply to the licence. A set of standard T&Cs is included in the IPO's guidance for applicants.

If you want to go ahead, you'll now need to pay the licence fee. If your application has been refused, or you're not happy about a licence condition or the licence fee charged, you can appeal.

Costs of orphan works application and licence

The cost of getting a licence includes:

an application fee - payable on application

a licence fee – payable if the application is authorised

These fees are calculated and displayed at the start of the online application process. The fee will depend on how many different works and uses you want to license.

See a list of orphan works licence application fees.

In some cases, the licence fee will be set on a 'price on application' basis. For example, if the intended use of the work is not listed on the online application form. In this case, contact the IPO at orphanworkslicensing@ipo.gov.uk for details of the fee.

Licence fees are kept by the IPO on behalf of the absent right holder for eight years in case the right holder comes forward, so applicants have business certainty if they obtain a licence. For more on this, see orphan works: guidance for right holders.
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Types of orphan works licences: commercial and non-commercial

Orphan works licence can be for non-commercial use or for commercial purposes - both types can last for up to seven years
Under the orphan works licensing scheme, the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) can issue licences for orphan works for use in the UK. You can apply for a licence for non-commercial use or for commercial purposes. Both types of licences can last for up to seven years.

Non-commercial licences for orphan works

Some uses of an orphan work can fall into the category of 'non-commercial use'. For example:

free handouts for live event, exhibition or similar

use in a live event, exhibition or similar

in newsletter, bulletin, e-newsletter or e-bulletin

in non-commercial promotional material - print and digital

digitise and make available online, including on social media

preservation purposes

use on stage or in performance

educational purposes - use in learning/training materials, including e-learning

use in thesis/dissertation

personal use

A non-commercial licence is £0.10 + VAT per work for all non-commercial uses, significantly lower than for commercial use.

Commercial licences for orphan works

Commercial use covers any uses that make money from the work, such as:

selling copies of the work

directly charging for access to it

merchandising

commercial advertising, marketing or promotion activities

For example, the use of an orphan work such as a photograph on a poster to promote or market an exhibition where there was a charge would be considered commercial. This applies whether the charges are intended to make a profit or just cover costs.

The cost of the licence will depend on how many works you wish to license and for what purpose. For example, reproducing an orphan work illustration on a full-page inside a printed magazine will cost more than using it on a quarter page.

Costs are based on prices for using a similar non-orphan work in the same way. You can find out how much the licence fee is likely to be before completing your online application. The fees are calculated and displayed at the start of the process which allows you to adjust your application to something that works for you and your budget.

Find out how to apply for a licence to use orphan works in the UK.
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Orphan works complaints and appeals

Advice for orphan works right holders or licence applicants on appealing against a decision by the IPO
If you are applying for an orphan works licence (or you are the right holder for a work that is subject of an orphan works application or a licence), you can appeal against certain actions and decisions of the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) in your case. Different appeal routes are available for the right holders and applicants. In the first instance, both right holders and applicants need to appeal the relevant decision through the IPO.

If you are an applicant wishing to use orphan works

You can appeal to the IPO if you think the IPO has made a mistake:

in refusing your application

in any condition attached to your licence

in the licence fee quoted

If you are a right holder for an orphan work

You can appeal to the IPO if you think that in reaching a decision they have acted improperly or failed to discharge our obligations under the regulations.

When appealing, both applicants and right holders should provide full details of the matter they are unhappy with and explain why, adding any relevant documentation or emails to their appeal.

The IPO will aim to reply within ten working days of receiving the appeal, but if the problem is complex and they need more time, they will tell you.

If you remain unhappy, you can appeal again to an IPO Manager who was not involved in the original decision or the appeal response. See further guidance for right holders.

Further appeals

If appealing to the IPO does not resolve the issue, and you remain dissatisfied, you can:

appeal to the Copyright Tribunal (applicants)

appeal to the First-tier Tribunal General Regulatory Chamber (right holders)

As an applicant, you may appeal to the Copyright Tribunal against any condition imposed by the IPO in connection with the grant of the orphan licence, the licence fee set by the IPO and a decision to refuse the licence.

As a right holder for works licensed under the orphan works licensing scheme, you may appeal to the First-tier Tribunal (General Regulatory Chamber). The tribunal can look at whether the IPO has acted improperly or failed to discharge its obligations under the regulations in reaching a decision. It would then be for the IPO to reconsider the case in light of the tribunal's findings.

For more information, see IPO's orphan works licensing scheme appeal guidance.
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Orphan works: guidance for right holders

How right holders for an orphan work can contact the IPO and what to do if your work is licensed as an orphan work
The Intellectual Property Office (IPO) operates an orphan works licensing scheme to license works in the UK where the right holder genuinely cannot be found after a diligent search. In a small number of cases, it can happen that the work is licensed as an orphan but the right holder comes forward at a later date.

If your work is wrongly licensed under the orphan works scheme

The IPO maintains the orphan works register which contains details of all applications for an orphan works license, all licences that have been granted and all applications that have been refused.

If you think your work is on the register, contact the IPO using the contact form on the register. You will need to provide evidence in 91�㽶��ɫ��Ƶ of your claim, specifically any relevant documentation showing that you are the right holder. For example:

contracts

wills

copies of relevant correspondence

If the IPO is satisfied that you are the right holder, and your work has been licensed as an orphan, that licence will continue for the remainder of its term, but the IPO will not issue any new orphan works licences that cover those rights within that work. Any new uses of the work will be up to you, as the right holder, to grant permission in respect of the right you own.

The IPO will update the orphan works register to reflect the fact that the work is no longer orphan or only partially orphan (if there are other right holders who cannot be found or are unknown).

Licence fee payments

If the IPO accept your claim to be the right holder of the work licenced under the orphan works licensing scheme, and where it has been less than eight years since the licence was issued, the IPO will pay you any licence fee in respect of that work.

Where there are multiple right holders in a piece of work and you are one of them, you will receive payment of part of the licence fee. You will receive any payment due within two months of being notified that the IPO accept your claim to be the right holder, unless you decide to waive payment.

While a right holder has no right to the licence fee after eight years, the IPO has the discretion to pay a right holder who comes forward after eight years have passed. In this case, you will need to tell the IPO why you think that they should pay you the licence fee, even though you are outside the eight-year time limit. As a right holder, you can complain and appeal against a decision the IPO has made.
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Innovation and R&D

Securing your patent rights in other countries

Protect, commercialise and manage your patents

Renewing your patent in the UK

Key patent renewal timelines

Initial renewal

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Payment deadlines and grace period

Patent renewal fees in the UK

Remembering to renew your patent

Restoring a lapsed patent

Keeping your patent details up to date

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Monitoring and challenging patents

Monitor competing patents and inventions

Check patent search reports

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Licensing your patent in the UK

What does it mean to license a patent?

What are patent licensing agreements in the UK?

Exclusive licence

Non-exclusive licence

Licence of right

Standard Essential Patents licences (SEPs)

How to license a patent for passive income

Negotiate a patent licensing agreement in the UK

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Advantages and disadvantages of licensing patents

Benefits of patent licensing

Disadvantages of licensing patents

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Buying and licensing other people's patents

Finding a patent to license or buy

Key considerations before licensing a patent

Key considerations before buying a patent

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Protecting your patent in the UK

Keep your patent valid

Monitor for infringement

Mark your patented products

Enforce your patent rights

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What to do if someone infringes your UK patent

Gather evidence

Send a cease-and-desist letter

Seek legal advice

Consider court action

Importance of protecting your patent

Avoid infringing other people's patents in the UK

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Resolving patent disputes in the UK

IPO patent hearings

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Proving patent ownership

When patent litigation is necessary

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Securing your patent rights in other countries

Direct national applications

Using the regional patent systems

Using the Patent Cooperation Treaty

Extension of UK intellectual property rights abroad

International patent strategy and enforcement

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Common patent mistakes to avoid

Patents explained: How to protect your idea